4block Diagram of 8085

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
INTEL 8085
Introduction to 8085
It was introduced in 1977.
It is 8-bit microprocessor.
Its actual name is 8085 A.
It is single NMOS device.
It contains 6200
transistors approx.
Its dimensions are
164 mm x 222 mm.
It is having 40 pins Dual-
Inline-Package (DIP).
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It has three advanced
versions:
◦ 8085 AH
◦ 8085 AH2
◦ 8085 AH1
These advanced
versions are designed
using HMOS
technology.
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The advanced versions
consume 20% less
power supply.
The clock frequencies of

8085 are:
◦ 8085 A 3 MHz
◦ 8085 AH 3
MHz
◦ 8085 AH2 5 MHz
◦ 8085 AH1 6 MHz
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Block Diagram of 8085
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Three Units of 8085
Processing Unit
Instruction Unit
Storage and Interface Unit
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Processing Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Accumulator
Status Flags
Temporary Register
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Instruction Unit
Instruction Register
Instruction Decoder
Timing and Control Unit
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Storage and Interface
Unit
General Purpose Registers
Stack Pointer
Program Counter
Increment/Decrement Register
Address Latch
Address/Data Latch
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Three Other Units
Interrupt Controller
Serial I/O Controller
Power Supply
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Accumulator
 It the main register of microprocessor.
 It is also called register ‘A’.
 It is an 8-bit register.
 It is used in the arithmetic and logic operations.
 It always contains one of the operands on which

arithmetic/logic has to be performed.
 After the arithmetic/logic operation, the contents
of accumulator are replaced by the result.
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Arithmetic & Logic Unit
(ALU)
It performs various arithmetic and logic
operations.
The data is available in accumulator and
temporary/general purpose registers.
Arithmetic Operations:
Addition, Subtraction, Increment, Decrement etc.
Logic Operations:
AND, OR, X-OR, Complement etc.
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Temporary Register
It is an 8-bit register.
It is used to store temporary 8-bit operand

from general purpose register.
It is also used to store intermediate results.
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Status Flags
Status Flags are set of flip-flops which are

used to check the status of Accumulator
after the operation is performed.
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Status Flags
S = Sign Flag
Z = Zero Flag
AC = Auxiliary Carry Flag
P = Parity Flag
CY = Carry Flag
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Status Flags
Sign Flag (S):
It tells the sign of result stored in

Accumulator after the operation is
performed.
If result is –ve, sign flag is set (1).
If result is +ve, sign flag is reset (0).
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Status Flags
Zero Flag (Z):
It tells whether the result stored in

Accumulator is zero or not after the operation
is performed.
If result is zero, zero flag is set (1).
If result is not zero, zero flag is reset (0).
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Status Flags
Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC):
It is used in BCD operations.
When there is carry in BCD addition, we add

0110 (6) to the result.
If there is carry in BCD addition, auxiliary

carry is set (1).
If there is no carry, auxiliary carry is reset (0).
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Status Flags
Parity Flag (P):
It tells the parity of data stored in

Accumulator.
If parity is even, parity flag is set (1).
If parity is odd, parity flag is reset (0).
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Program Status Word
(PSW)
The contents of Accumulator and Status
Flags clubbed together is known as
Program Status Word (PSW).
It is a 16-bit word.
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Instruction Register
It is used to hold the current instruction

which the microprocessor is about to
execute.
It is an 8-bit register.
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Instruction Decoder
It interprets the instruction stored in

instruction register.
It generates various machine cycles
depending upon the instruction.
The machine cycles are then given to the
Timing and Control Unit.
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Timing and Control Unit
It controls all the operations of

microprocessor and peripheral devices.
Depending upon the machine cycles received
from Instruction Decoder, it generates 12
control signals:
S0 and S1 (Status Signals).
ALE (Address Latch Enable).
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Timing and Control Unit
RD (Read, active low).
WR (Write, active low).
IO/M (Input-Output/Memory).
READY
RESET IN
RESET OUT
CLK OUT
HOLD and HLDA
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General Purpose
Registers
 There are 6 general purpose registers, namely B, C, D, E,
H, L.
 Each of the them is 8-bit register.
 They are used to hold data and results.
 To hold 16-bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers

can be used.
 This combination is known as Register Pair.
 The valid register pairs are:
 B – C, D – E, H – L.
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Program Counter
It is used to hold the address of next

instruction to be executed.
It is a 16-bit register.
The microprocessor increments the value

of Program Counter after the execution of
the current instruction, so that, it always
points to the next instruction.
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Stack Pointer
It holds the address of top most item in the

stack.
It is also 16-bit register.
Any portion of memory can be used as

stack.
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Increment/Decrement
Register
This register is used to increment or

decrement the value of Stack Pointer.
During PUSH operation, the value of Stack
Pointer is incremented.
During POP operation, the value of Stack
Pointer is decremented.
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Address Latch
It is group of 8 buffers.
The upper-byte of 16-bit address is stored

in this latch.
And then it is made available to the
peripheral devices.
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Address/Data Latch
The lower-byte of address and 8-bit of data are
multiplexed.
It holds either lower-byte of address or 8-bits of data.
This is decided by ALE (Address Latch Enable) signal.
If ALE = 1 then
Address/Data Latch contains lower-byte of address.
If ALE = 0 then
It contains 8-bit data.
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Serial I/O Controller
It is used to convert serial data into parallel
and parallel data into serial.
Microprocessor works with 8-bit parallel
data.
Serial I/O devices works with serial transfer
of data.
Therefore, this unit is the interface between
microprocessor and serial I/O devices.
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Interrupt Controller
It is used to handle the interrupts.
There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085:
TRAP
RST 7.5
RST 6.5
RST 5.5
INTR
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Interrupt Controller
Interrupt controller receives these

interrupts according to their priority and
applies them to the microprocessor.
There is one outgoing signal INTA which is
called Interrupt Acknowledge.
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Power Supply
This unit provides +5V power supply to the

microprocessor.
The microprocessor needs +5V power
supply for its operation.
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TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
VON NEUMANN
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 It is named after the mathematician and
early computer scientist John Von Neumann.
 The computer has single storage system(memory) for

storing data as well as program to be executed.
 Processor needs two clock cycles to complete an

instruction. Pipelining the instructions is not possible
with this architecture.
 In the first clock cycle the processor gets the

instruction from memory and decodes it. In the next
clock cycle the required data is taken from memory.
For each instruction this cycle repeats and hence needs
two cycles to complete an instruction.
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HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
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The name is originated from "Harvard Mark I" a relay
based old computer.
The computer has two separate memories for storing
data and program.
Processor can complete an instruction in one cycle if
appropriate pipelining strategies are implemented.
In the first stage of pipeline the instruction to be
executed can be taken from program memory. In the
second stage of pipeline data is taken from the data
memory using the decoded instruction or address.
Most of the modern computing architectures are
based on Harvard architecture. But the number of
stages in the pipeline varies from system to system.
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4block Diagram of 8085

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF

The clock frequencies of

Storage and Interface Unit

Timing and Control Unit

Serial I/O Controller

 It is also called register ‘A’.

 It is used in the arithmetic and logic operations.

 It always contains one of the operands on which

Addition, Subtraction, Increment, Decrement etc.

AND, OR, X-OR, Complement etc.

It is an 8-bit register.

It is used to store temporary 8-bit operand

Status Flags are set of flip-flops which are

Sign Flag (S):

It tells the sign of result stored in

If result is +ve, sign flag is reset (0).

Zero Flag (Z):

It tells whether the result stored in

If result is not zero, zero flag is reset (0).

Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC):

It is used in BCD operations.

When there is carry in BCD addition, we add

If there is carry in BCD addition, auxiliary

If there is no carry, auxiliary carry is reset (0).

Parity Flag (P):

It tells the parity of data stored in

If parity is odd, parity flag is reset (0).

It is used to hold the current instruction

It interprets the instruction stored in

It controls all the operations of

ALE (Address Latch Enable).

WR (Write, active low).

HOLD and HLDA

 They are used to hold data and results.

 To hold 16-bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers

 The valid register pairs are:

It is used to hold the address of next

The microprocessor increments the value

It holds the address of top most item in the

Any portion of memory can be used as

This register is used to increment or

It is group of 8 buffers.

The upper-byte of 16-bit address is stored

This is decided by ALE (Address Latch Enable) signal.

If ALE = 1 then

Address/Data Latch contains lower-byte of address.

If ALE = 0 then

It contains 8-bit data.

There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085:

Interrupt controller receives these

This unit provides +5V power supply to the

 The computer has single storage system(memory) for

 Processor needs two clock cycles to complete an

 In the first clock cycle the processor gets the

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