CYBORG

DEFINITIONS:
• The term is used to designate an
organization which is a mixture of
organic and mechanical parts.the aim is
to enhance the abilities of an organism
using technology.
• Cyborg can be considered a creature
who is a hybrid of machine implants.
 INTRODUCTION

Since time immemorial man has aspired to

make his life more and more full of
comfortable. With the onset of
industrialization, man invented many
machines to that could even those jobs
single handed which generally required
huge manpower .
Eventually man developed
revolutionary technologies that helped
him accomplish more difficult tasks with
reduced manpower and greater efficiency.
One such attempt was ‘Robot’. Robots are
the electronic machines that work on the
basis of the software programs fed to it.
Robots can do any tedious work with lesser
or no human assistance with greater
efficiency. Looking at the extraordinary
abilities of Robots Scientists thought of
implanting machine parts into the body the
enhance the general and most used abilities
of the man
 OVERVIEW
The concept of man-machine mixture was
widespread in science fictions before the
World War II.
In 1908 Jean Hire introduced his novel
‘Nyctolope’ which dealt about a man who
could survive in water. The man was
equipped with such mahanical implants
which enabled him to survive in water.
 Later another novelist
Edmond Hemilton presented space
explorers with a mixture of organic and
mechanical implants, in his novel ‘THE
COMET DOOM’ in the year 1934 .
Apart from the novels many
short stories also have been written about
the man-machine combinations. In 1944, a
story ‘No woman born’ featured a dancer
whose entire body was burnt in a fire
accident and was made a cyborg. Her brain
was kept in a faceless mechanical body
 TERMINOLOGY
The term cyborg was coined by Manfred
Clyness and Nathen.S.Kline in 1960. The
term cyborg refers to the concept of
enhanced human being who could survive
in extraterrestrial environments. The
concept was an outcome of thinking about
the need for the intimate relationship
between man and machine for space
explorations.
 HISTORY
For many years since the World
War II cyborgs have been the most
fascinating field. Since then started the
trend of writing stories. Scientists also
attempted to create real life cyborgs. One
such scientist was Steve Mann. He is the
first human being who tried to implant
mechanical parts in to his body.
 STEVE MANN
Steve Mann is a man who exists
in harmony with technology. Mann who
serves as a professor at University of
Toronto is electronically connected to his
computer. His computer serves as an
extension to his own senses. He absorbs the
reality electronically.
He has invented sunglasses which
equipped with cameras . He is also the
inventor of wearable computer which can
Be worn like cloths. The wearable computer
is linked to the internet. He also invented a
hand keyboard which is implanted in his
hand used to input information to the
wearable computer.
The eye-tap which he implanted below
his eyebrow could gaze the range of human
eye. The small camera fitted into the eye-
tap a recordable real life view of what is
infront of him.The screen of the eye-tap is
filled with msgs or prog.codes fed by the
computer.
 KEVIN WARWICK
Kevin is a professor of
Cybernatics at the University of Reading
England. There he carries out experiments
on Artificial Intelligence, Control Robotics,
and Biomedical Engineering. Kevin is the
living cyborg.
Kevin was born a human being.
In august 1998, a silicon chip was inserted
in to his left arm. The computer with which
he was connected monitored him as he
moved
through his department. This implant was
small electronic component implanted for
ten days with the aim to determine whether
information could be transmitted to a
cyborg from a computer and from computer
to the cyborg.
The first implant invented by Kevin
was implanted in his left arm beneath the
inner layer of the skin & on the top of the
muscle.
 PROJECT CYBORG
In this piece of research
undertaken by professor Warwick,he had
surgically implanted a chip into his left arm
with the aim of becoming a cyborg.
On March 14,2002 a far more
complex chip which had a direct connection
with Warwick’s nervous system. The
experiment proved successful that the
could send signals to other computer even
out side the his body.
ELECTRONIC CHIP
 As an extension to his experiment,
Warwick implanted an array of electrodes
into his wife’s body.Through this
experiment Kevin and his wife could
communicate with each other with
electronic signals.
 LIFE AS CYBORG
• As a cyborg Kevin’s nervous system was
connected to the internet
• He could switch on lights, sound alarms and
electronic machines just by thinking about
it.
• As a cyborg Kevin’s memory had
extremely increased and he also developed
incredible mathematical capabilities.
• He developed the ability merely by thought.
 CYBERNETICS
Cybernetics is the study of
communication and control, involving
regulatory feedbacks in the living
organisms, machines, and organizations.
In sociotechnical terms, it includes
the study of computer controlled machines
like robots and cyborgs.
 RELATED FIELDS OF
CYBERNETICS
• Biomedical Engineering
• Biological Cybernetics
• Engineering Cybernetics
• Quantum Cybernetics
• Medical Cybernetics
• Psychocybernetics
 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORKS
The first artificial neural network
was invented in1958 by a psychologist
Frank Rosenblant. The aim was to model
how human brain processed the visual data.
The artificial neural network is an
information processing paradigm, that is
inspired by the the biological nervous
system such as brain processed the
information.
 The key element of this paradigm
is the novel structures involved in the data
processing system. It consists of the highly
interconnected elements (neurons)working
for specific problems.
Artificial neural networks have
remarkable ability to derive meaningful
information from complicated or imprecise
data.
 ANALOGY TO HUMAN
BRAIN
Exact working of the human
brain is still a mystery. Yet some of the
processes of these amazing processes are
known. The basic element of the human
brain is the specific type of cells called
neurons. These cells provide us with the
ability of thinking, remembering and apply
previous experiences to our actions.
 The individual neuron is
complicated, they have myriads of of parts,
subsystems and control mechanisms. They
convey information via host of
electromagnetic pathways.
Artificial Neural Network is
trying to replicate only most basic elements
of the complicated, versatile, and powerful
organ
HUMAN NEURAL NETWORK
Artificial Neural Network was
originally designed to model the
functionality of the biological neural
networks.Each biological neural networks
consists of a cell body, a collection of
dendrites that bring electromagnetic
information and an axon that transmits
information outside the cell.
A neuron produces an output along the
axon.The axon transmits signals from one
neuron to the dendrites of other neuron.The
junction of the axon and the dendrite is
called synapses.
 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORK
An artificial neural network try to
model the low level functionality of the
brain. A single software artificial neuron
consists of processing element which has a
number of inputs and the transfer
functionality determines the output. An
artificial neural network is a network of
such interconnected artificial neurons. The
input layer receives the input, produces a
signal output that is sent to the another
neuron as input.
 ANALOGY BETWEEN
HUMAN AND ANN
HUMAN NEURON ARTIFICIALNEUR
ALNETWORK
• Neuron • Processing element
• Dendrites • Combining element
• Cell body • Transfer function
• Axon • Element output
• Synapses • Weight
 ADVANTAGES
• Adaptive learning: the ability to learn how
to do tasks based on the data given.
• Self organization: An artificial neural
network can create its own organization or
representation of the information it receives
during learning time.
• Real time operations: An artificial neural
network computations can be carried out in
parallel, which is difficult for human neural
networks
 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF
CYBORG
POSITIVE PROSPECTS:
• Cyborgs can increase human mental
abilities significantly.
• Humans can be made cyborgs to increase
their lifespan .
• Cyborgs have extra ordinary capabilities
like higher IQ, higher physical strength etc.
NEGATIVE PROSPECTS:
• They can be of great application to the
terrorist groups and the under world groups.
• They can be used to create emotionless
creatures who can cause great destruction to
the human race.
 LIMITATIONS
Although the cyborgs have wide
range of applications, they still still have
some limitations. The machine implants in
the bodies of the cyborgs also have lifespan.
If the cyborg is completely dependent on
the machine implant then the survival of the
cyborg becomes difficult in the absence or
malfunctioning of the machine implant.
 Increase in the number of cyborgs
completely eradicates the emotional
temperament of the human. Cyborgs can
only help in expanding the lifespan but can
not conquer the death. The machine
implants in the bodies of cyborgs can
greately hamper the body resistance. Any
malfunctioning of the machine implant can
completely put their life at stake.
APPLICATIONS OF CYBORG
• Today the C-LEG system is used to replace
human legs that are amputed due to some
illness or injury.
• Incase of any major spinal injury doctors
are now replacing highly damaged bones by
some supporting structure which also
provides flexibility to the spine.
• Patients who have damaged their biological
eye lenses now don’t need spectacles.
Doctors are now implanting artificial corneal
lenses inside the eyes of thepatients.
• Patients suffering from knee joint pains can
now implant artificial knee joint in their
legs. these artificial knee joint are durable
for 20 to 25 years.
• Patients suffering from parkinson’s disease
can now get rid of the disease by implanting
an electronic device in their brain that
provides better control over nervous system.