Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Sustainability of Indonesia
Dana A. Kartakusuma
Assistant Minister, Technology and Sustainable Development
Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia
March 2008
CONTENTS
The Science of Climate Change (IPCCC, 2007)
Source of Climate Change
Impact to Indonesia
Response:
Sustainable Development
Mitigation and Adaptation
National Strategies (Draft)
Global Warming
Inter correlated
Climate Change
Greenhouse Gases
‘Greenhouse gases’ means those
gaseous constituents of the
atmosphere, both natural and
anthropogenic, that absorb and
re-emit infrared radiation
Kyoto Protocol regulates 6 major
groups of GHGs:
CO2 – carbon dioxide
CH4 – methane
PFCs – perfluorocarbons
HFCs - hydrofluorocarbons
Most of this
radiation is
absorbed by the
Earth and warms it
The World Has Warmed
Northern hemisphere
snow cover
Projections of Future Temperature Changes
Agriculture
Fossil
Energy Climate
GHGs
Change
Global
Warming
Forestry
CC impacts
GHG emissions
Sources of Climate Change
Fossil Energy Consumption (Oil and Coal) that produce green
house gasses
Land Use Change (Forest Fire, Peat Land, and Deforestation)
Deforestation
80
60
40
20
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Source: DoEMR
In 2004, Energy sector contributed roughly 280.31 Mt CO2 (Pusat
Informasi Energi, 2005), or around 80% of the total national
emission of CO2
The total national emission of CO2 from all sectors increases
accordingly in correlation with the increase of fossil energy
consumption and population growth. The industry sector is the
highest contributor of CO2 emission.
Energy Intensity Indonesia is high
600
500
index (Japan =100)
400
300
200
100
0
Japan OECD Thailand Indonesia Malaysia North Germany
America
Energy Intensity Energy per Capita
Source: Ministry of Mines and Energy
DEFORESTATION
Ecosystems
Extensive Damage Rising number of species face extinction
to Coral Reefs
Extreme
Weather Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding and heat waves
Events
Risk of Abrupt and
Increasing risk of dangerous feedbacks and
Major Irreversible
abrupt, large-scale shifts in the climate system
Changes
Sea Level Rise
205
0
decreasing 1 ,9 0 0
Food Production vs. Biofuels
1 ,8 0 0
1 ,7 0 0
1 ,6 0 0
• Flood
• Drought : Clean Water
Shortage Water Resources
Scarcity
• Typhoon
Economic Loss
Economic loss cause of sea level rise
in Jakarta
A. Human
1. Death 185 216 270 671
2. Loss 18 104 106 228
3. Refugees 388,651 180,901 102,973 672,525
B. Facilities
1. House (bh) 57,087 58,285 54,479 169,851
2. Public Facilities (bh) 2,014
972 201 841
3. Paddy Field (ha) 868,965
180,603 604,435 83,927
4. Road (km) 1,618
1,005 217 396
1990 s
1994 489.178 150.319
1995 18.462 3.385
1996 48.490 11.458
Climate change
and variability
Impacts
Mitigation Adaptation
Responses
Situation in Indonesia
Sustainable Development:
Good governance: transparances, cleanliness, openness,
democracy, akuntability
Environment to become central issue, no longer peripheral
Cross sectoral and spatial and combination of top-down and
bottom-up approaches in development
Institutional and human resource capacity development
Involvement of all stakholders in decision making for strategic
development
NATIONAL STRATEGIES (DRAFT)
MITIGATION
Energy
Conservation
Fuel Switching: New and
Renewable Energy
Development
LULUCF
Aforestation and
reforestation
Proposal of REDD (Reducing
Emission from Deforestation
in Developing Countries)
Government Policy
Oil
20%
Coal
33%
Energy Reserves and Potential
TYPE OF RESOURC RESERVE PRODUC RESERVES
FOSSIL ES S TION /PRODUCT NON FOSSIL RESOURC EQUIVALEN UTILIZATIO INSTALLED
ION RATIO ENERGY ES T N CAPACITY
ENERGY (Proven + (per
(W/O
Possible) YEAR) EXPLORAT
ION)
YEARS HYDRO 845 75,67 GW 6.851 GWh 4.200 MW
million
BOE