HEREDITY:

INHERITANCE
and
VARIATION
 Cell division 
▪ is the process by
which a Mitosis Meiosis
parent cell divides
into two or more Mitosis - dividing of the body cell
daughter cells. or the soma cell.
Meiosis – dividing of sex cell
(oocyte and spermatocyte)
Cell Cycle ▪ The cell cycle is a cycle of
stages that cells pass through to
allow them to divide and produce
new cells. It is sometimes referred
to as the “cell division cycle” for
that reason. The longest part of
the cell cycle is called
“interphase” – the phase of growth
and DNA replication between
mitotic cell divisions.
 Mitosis

▪  for growth and repair.

▪ Some cells once fully
formed do not undergo
cell division, such as
nerve cells and muscle
cells.
 Meiosis
▪ is a process where a
single cell divides
twice to produce four
cells containing half
the original amount of
genetic information.
These cells are our
sex cells – sperm in
males, eggs in
females.
DNA Structure
▪ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
is a nucleic acid that contains
the genetic instructions for
the development
and function of living things.
 Component Molecules
▪ The DNA molecule is
composed of three types of
component molecule:
▪ phosphate group, the sugar
deoxyribose, and the bases
adenine,
▪ thymine, cytosine, guanine (A,
T, C,G)
 RNA STRUCTURE
▪ The main function of RNA is to carry
information of amino acid sequence
from the genes to where proteins
are assembled on ribosomes in
the cytoplasm. This is done by
messenger RNA (mRNA).
▪ Rna is single stranded.
▪ Rna is ribose.
 DNA REPLICATION
▪ In 1953, James Watson and
Francis Crick worked out
that DNA is double helix like
a twisted staircase. The two
sugar-phosphate backbones
make up the sides and the
base pairs make up the
rungs or steps of the twisted
staircase.
DNA REPLICATION
▪ DNA replication is the
production of
identical DNA helices from a
single double-
stranded DNA molecule. Each
molecule consists of a strand
from the original molecule and
a newly formed strand. Prior
to replication, the DNA uncoils
and strands separate.
Enzymes- are for Speed up
reaction, for breaking up or
break down all of the act to.

1. Helicase – “unzipping”
2. DNA Polymerase – “the
builder”
3. Primase - Form “Primer”
4. Ligase – “The Gluer”
Direction

5’ to 3’
3’ to 5’
 DNA REPLICATION

▪ The central dogma of

the transfer of genetic
information.
 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

▪ is the process whereby

biological cells
generate new proteins;
it is balanced by the
loss of cellular proteins
via degradation or
export
 DNA TRANSCRIPTION
▪ transcription / DNA
transcription. Transcription i
s the process by which the
information in a strand
of DNA is copied into a new
molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA). DNA safely and
stably stores genetic material
in the nuclei of cells as a
reference, or template.
 DNA TRANSLATION
▪ Translation is the process that
takes the information passed
from DNA as messenger RNA
and turns it into a series of
amino acids bound together
with peptide bonds. It is
essentially a translation from
one code (nucleotide
sequence) to another code
(amino acid sequence).
 3 TYPES OF RNA
▪ messenger RNA,
(mRNA)
▪ transfer RNA and
(tRNA)
▪ ribosomal RNA. (rRNA)
Codon
Codon – 3 base Pair.
Start Codon- AUG
Stop Codon – UAA, UAG, UGA
DNA Translation