Research Metodology

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

1712500709 Reza Dinata

1711500692 Haffiyan Iswadi
1712500709 Anggi Dwi Ramadhan
RESEARCH METHODS
Research methods or scientific methods are procedures or steps in getting scientific
knowledge or science. So the research method is a systematic way to arrange
science. While research techniques are a way to carry out research methods.
Research methods usually refer to other forms of research.

Types of Research Methods Referring to the form of research, objectives, nature of

the problem and its approach there are four types of research methods:

(1) Experiment Method (Try out), is research to test whether the experimental
variables are effective or not. To test whether or not effective control variables must
be used. Experimental research is to test hipotesis which is strictly formulated.
Experimental research is usually done for fields that are exact. As for the social
sector, explanatory survey methods, descriptive methods and historical methods
are used.

(2) Verification Method (Testing), which is to test how far the goals that have
been outlined are achieved or in accordance with or in accordance with expectations
or a standardized theory. The purpose of verification research is to examine existing
theories in order to develop new theories and create new knowledge. More recently,
the verification method developed into grounded research, a method that presents
a new approach, with data as a source of theory (data-based theory).
(3) Descriptive method (describing), which is a method
used to look for the elements, characteristics, characteristics
of a phenomenon. This method starts with collecting data,
analyzing data and interpreting it. Descriptive method in its
implementation is carried out through: survey techniques,
case studies (contrast with a case), comparative studies,
studies of time and motion, behavior analysis, and
documentary analysis.
 
(4) Historical Method (reconstructing), which is a research
method that examines something that happened in the past.
In its application, this method can be carried out with a form of
comparative-historical, juridical, and bibliographic studies.
Historical research aims to find generaalization and make
reconstructions of the past, by collecting, evaluating, verifying
and synthesizing evidence to enforce facts and evidence in
order to obtain strong conclusions.
Research Steps (Process of
Scientific Activities)
Identifying, Selecting and Formulating
Problems

Identifying the Problem

(1) Identifying the problem is finding the most relevant
and interesting problem to be studied.
(2) Problems can be sought through the "Senses",
namely observation, hearing, vision, feeling, and smell.
(3). The problem is if there is a gap between das sollen
and das sein, that is, there is a difference between what
should be and what is in reality, between what is needed
and what is available, between expectations and reality.
Problems related to a condition that threatens, disturbs,
inhibits, complicates, which shows the gap between
expectations and reality. "A problem as any situation
where a gap exists between the actual and the
desire in the ideal state"(Sekaran, 1992).
Sources of Problems

(1) Problems can be obtained from the following

sources:
Readings, especially readings containing research
reports
(2) Seminars, discussions and other scientific meetings
(3) Statement of authority holders
(4) Short observations
(5) Personal experience
(6) Intuitive feelings.
Choosing a Problem or Limitation

In identifying problems, more than one problem is usually found,

and not all problems can or are worthy of research. Therefore it is
necessary to choose or limit the problem.
 
There are several things to consider in choosing a problem:
 
(1) The problem is feasible or not to be studied, depending
on:
*The presence or absence of contributions to the theory and the
presence or absence of theories that are relevant to it,
* The presence or absence of uses for solving practical problems.
 
(2) Managebility, Enough funds, enough time, enough tools,
enough theoretical abilities, and enough mastery of the methods
required.
Formulating the Problem

After the problem has been identified and selected

or limited, then the problem should be:
(1) Formulated in a concise (?) Question sentence.
(2) Providing guidance on the possibility of
collecting data to answer the questions in the
formulation. Example:
• Is business diversification more successful than
business intensification?
• How is the level of education related to employee
work productivity?
Arrangement of the Thought
Framework
Thought framework is the construction of logical thinking with arguments that
are consistent with previous knowledge that has been successfully compiled.
According to Rusidi (1993), the framework of thinking means laying down
the problem in a theoretical framework or also called a deductive process. To
develop a framework of thought, consider these things:

(1) Look for theories, concepts and generalizations that are relevant to be used
as a theoretical foundation in research. Theories and concepts are derived from
general references, namely from literature such as textbooks, encyclopedias,
monographs and their kind. While generalizations can be drawn from previous
research reports that are relevant to the problem under study. The reading
source criteria are the principle of recency and relevance. According to Rusidi
(1993), the stage of decomposition of theory which becomes a starting point
for thinking to answer the problem to concepts that abstract phenomena, is
called the conceptioning stage.
 
(2) From the theories, concepts and generalizations, do the detailed analysis
through deductive reasoning. While the results of previous studies carried out
integration (systesis) and generalization through inductive reasoning. The
process of deduction and induction is done iteratively, so as to produce the most
likely answer to the problem. This answer is used as a research hypothesis.
Hypothesis Formulation
Hypothesis is a temporary answer to the research problem, the
answer of which must be tested.
• Hypotheses are summarized or derived from a framework of thought
or theoretical conclusions.
• There are two types of hypotheses:
(1) Descriptive Hypothesis, which is a hypothesis that shows the
meaning of a concept from a theory.
(2) Verificative hypotheses, i.e. hypotheses that link or link two
or more variable to be tested.
 
• The verification hypothesis should state the relationship of two or
more variables.
• Hypothesis is stated in declarative sentences or statements that are
clear, concise and specific.
• Must be tested or can be tested
Test Hypotheses Empirically
(1) Test with inverential statistical tools and
descriptive statistics, to prove whether the theories
are tested convincingly (significant) or not based on
empirical fact test results (Quantitative Research).
 
(2) Test without statistics to find meaning
(Qualitative Research)