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CHEMICAL

COORDINATION AND
CONTROL

Michael A. Tabug, MSc.


SHS-Instructor
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE

 a host is susceptible to a parasite if the host


cannot eliminate the parasite before the
parasite can become established

 host is resistant if its physiological status


prevents establishment and survival of the
parasite

 corresponding terms from the viewpoint of a


parasite would be infective and non-infective
ANIMAL DEFENCES
HOW CAN AN ANIMAL PROTECT ITSELF
FROM ITS ATTACKERS?
 immunity
- natural ability of the animal’s body to fight off harmful
agents
-an animal demonstrates immunity if it possesses tissues
capable of recognizing and protecting the animal against
non-self invaders

 Immune system – produce protection against disease-


causing microorganisms (pathogens)
 bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

 provide protection from allergens


SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE

 innate (nonspecfic) immunity


-a mechanism of defense that does not depend on prior
exposure to the invader

 acquired (specific) immunity


-specific to a particular non-self material
-requires time for its development, and occurs more
quickly and vigorously on secondary response
ANIMAL DEFENCES
HOW CAN AN ANIMAL PROTECT
ITSELF FROM ITS ATTACKERS?
 Immunity – natural ability of the animal’s body
to fight off harmful agents
 Immune system – produce protection against
disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens)
 bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses
 provide protection from allergens
INVERTEBRATE IMMUNITY
 Profound immunity of the higher vertebrates
evolved from organisms and invertebrates
 Protozoans - defend themselves via
phagocytosis
 Sponges
 phagocytic cells - patrol tissues and surrounding
spaces
 recognize and attack graft from other sponges
 Invertebrate do not have antibody-based
immune response – provide strong immunity to
higher vertebrates
 Earthworm – lymphocyte-like cells
 Vertebrate Immune system
 Vertebrate’s immunity
 specificamong mammals
 complex than any other animals
 enables mammals to have multiple
layers of defense against harmful
pathogens and foreign particles
VERTEBRATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

 Innate
Immunity – inherent ability of
the body to fight off invaders
 innate immune system does not have
immune memory
 act upon the presence of any foreign
intruders
VERTEBRATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 Physicalbarriers – first line of defense
against foreign intruders
 includes skin, secretions, mucus membrane
 skin – prevents the entry of harmful elements
(microorganisms)
 Secretions – sweat, tears, and saliva contain
substances
 suppress the growth of microorganisms
 Mucus – in respiratory tract
 trap the inhaled bacteria , fungi, or other invaders
 Drives them off from the body
VERTEBRATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 Interferons

-family of low-molecular-weight glycoproteins,


-released by a variety of eukaryotic cells in
response to invasion by intracellular parasites
(including viruses) and other stimuli
 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

-produced mainly by cells called macrophages


-major mediator of inflammation and in
sufficient concentration causes fever
- high body temperature may destabilize certain
viruses and bacteria
VERTEBRATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

 Complement
 seriesof enzymes that are activated in
sequence as a host response to invading
organisms
 Activation of complement by the classical
pathway – first discovered
 Complement activated by the alternative
pathway
 important innate defense against invasion by
bacteria and some fungi
VERTEBRATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

 Cellular Defenses: Phagocytosis


 Illustrates
nonself recognition, and it also
serves as a process for removing senescent
cells and cellular debris from the host
VERTEBRATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 Non-specific immune cells – Second line of
defense
 act when invader gained access in the body or
escaped the physical barriers
 WBC (leukocytes) – patrol cells
 Circulate throughout the body to check intruders
and destroys to prevent harm
 Neutrophil – destroys bacteria by engulfing them

 Eosinophil – attacks parasitic worms

 Basophil – releases histamine involved in allergic

reactions
 Monocyte – picks up cellular debris and foreign

intruders by phagocytosis
VERTEBRATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 Adaptive immunity – third layer of defense
 activates once it penetrates the non-specific
barriers
 depend on lymphocytes that can recognize an
intruder and eventually respond to it.
 B-cells and T-cells – lymphocytes that mature
in the bone marrow and thymus respectively
 both involved in immune recognition
 B-cellssynthesizes a immunoglobulins
(antibody) that interacts with the epitope of the
antigen
 a molecule that is capable of inducing an
immune response
ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSE
INVERTEBRATES

 Antigen
 any substance that will stimulate an immune
response
2 arms of immune response:
 Humoral immunity is based on
antibodies,
 which are both on cell surfaces and dissolved in
blood and lymph
 Cellular immunity is entirely associated
with cell surfaces
BASIS OF SELF AND NONSELF
RECOGNITION

 Major Histocompatibility Complex


 These are proteins coded by certain genes
responsible for the molecular basis nonself
recognition
 Recognition Molecules
1) Antibodies are proteins called
immunoglobulins.
 borne in the surface of B lymphocytes or secreted by
cells (plasma cells) derived from B cells
2) T-cell receptors are transmembrane
proteins on the surfaces of T cells.
INFLAMMATION
 vitalprocess in mobilization of body defenses
against an invading organism or other tissue
damage and in repair of damage thereafter
 Manifestations of inflammation

1) delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)


 ultimate effectors are activated macrophages
 a period of 24 hours or more elapses from the time of
antigen introduction until a reponse is observed in an
immunized subject

2) Immediate hypersensitivity
 Quite important in some parasitic infections.
 reaction involves degranulation of mast cells in
the area
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
SYNDROME(AIDS)

 an extremely serious disease in which the


ability to mount an immune response is
disabled severely
 caused by human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) - preferentially invades and
destroys CD4 lymphocytes
 CD4 protein is the major surface receptor for
the virus
BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS

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