A.

1 The Passive House standard

E-A.1 01 10/09
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Course content of Passive House designer course

 Passive House criteria

 Passive House advantages: comfort, quality, security
 Building envelope:
 Highly insulated, thermal-bridge-free, airtight
 Windows: crucial for comfort without radiators
 Building services:
 Controlled ventilation with heat recovery
 Auxiliary heat supply for heating
 Heat supply for DHW (domestic hot water)
 Working with the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)
 Economic feasibility of Passive Houses
 Practical implementation, quality assurance

E-A.1 02 10/09 Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Course organisation: Closed group

Passive House designer course

10 course days with 80 teaching units (1 TU = 45 minutes)

 Passive House basics – basic seminar

 Passive House building envelope – advanced seminar
 Passive House building services – advanced seminar
 PHPP – two-days workshop
 Ventilation system – workshop
 Passive House standard for refurbished buildings – basic seminar
 Economic feasibility of Passive Houses – basic seminar
 Practical implementation – advanced seminar
 Revision course – revision with exercises

E-A.1 04 10/09 Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Introduction round course participants 5 Minutes

+ 1 minute per participant

Most of you will attend the complete course. As an introduction, please

write on the “business cards“ you will get handed out, the following
characteristics:

 First and second name

 Company / office, where you work
 Apprenticeship / studies
 Current position / profession
 Your most important question which you would like to solve during
this course.

Please pin your business card to the pinboard and introduce yourself to
the group using the above bulletpoints.
Your business cards remain on the board during the course and can be
complemented with a photo.

E-A.1 05 10/09 Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Course content: Passive House basics

Content
 Climate change and Passive House
 Examples
 Comfort criteria
 Overview Passive House components
 Examples
 Definition ‘Passive House‘

E-A.1 06 10/09 Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

1893: Research ship ‘Fram‘ was a Passive House (!)

The first fully functioning Passive House was
actually a polar ship and not a house:
the Fram of Fridtof Nansen (1893).

He writes:
"... The sides of the ship were lined
with tarred felt, then came a space with cork
padding, next a deal panelling, then a thick layer
of felt, next air-tight linoleum, and last of all an
inner panelling. The ceiling of the saloon and
cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15
inches. ...The skylight which was most exposed
to the cold was protected by three panes of glass
one within the other, and in various other
ways. ... The Fram is a comfortable abode.
Whether the thermometer stands at 22° above
zero or at 22° below it, we have no fire in the
stove. The ventilation is excellent, especially
since we rigged up the air sail, which sends a
whole winter‘s cold in through the ventilator; yet
in spite of this we sit here warm and comfortable,
with only a lamp burning. I am thinking of having
the stove removed altogether; it is only in the
way.“ (from Nansen: „In Farthest North“,
Brockhaus, 1897)

E-A.1 07 10/09 Source: [Nansen 1897] Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

1991: Passive House Darmstadt Kranichstein

 Four private clients formed the

‘Developers Society Passive House‘
and commissioned the architects
professor Bott/Ridder/Westermeyer
with the planning of a row of houses
with four flats, each with 156m² of
living space.
 The building was provided with a highly
precise data measurement acquisition
system to examine the achievement of
the objectives.
 A detailed report with technical data
can be found here:

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/
First_Passive_House_Kranichstein_en
.html
E-A.1 08 10/09 Foto: PHI Author: PHI / PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

The Passive House standard

 A building standard, which is energy efficient, comfortable, economic

and environmentally friendly at the same time.
The Passive House is not a brand, it is a building concept which is open
to all – and which has proved itself in practice.

 The Passive House is the leading standard in energy saving in buildings

worldwide: The energy saving for heating amounts to over 75 % in
comparison with the legally prescribed building standards. The heating
costs are very small – high energy prices make no difference to
residents of Passive Houses.
 Passive Houses achieve this enormous energy conservation through the
use of special energy efficient building elements and ventilation
techniques.

Comfort is not impaired, in fact it's even perceptibly improved.

E-A.1 09 10/09 Source: PHI Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Atmosphere

Source: NASA

Venus 1.1.1999 Source: NASA

Atmosphere: 96.5 % CO2

Surface temperature : 450 °C

Earth
Atmosphere: N2, O2, Ar and
(today) 0.037 % CO2 - increasing!
Surface temperature :
(today) 15 °C - increasing!
1.1.1990 Source: NASA

E-A.1 10 10/09 Source: [NASA] Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

CO2 - concentration of the earth’s atmosphere

CO2 - concentration of the earth’s atmosphere (ppm)

Time (year)

Source: C.D. Keeling, T.P. Whorf, and the Carbon Dioxide Research Group
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California

E-A.1 11 10/09 Source: according to [Keeling] Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Primary energy consumption per head

Primary energy consumption per head

Watt/ head

Country

E-A.1 12 10/09 Source: according to [IEA] Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Trend: Highest growth is in coal and oil

E-A.1 13 10/09 Source: [IEA] Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Characteristics of the stabilisation scenarios

Cate CO2- Global mean Peaking year Change in
-gory equiv.- temperature increase for CO2- global CO2-
concen- above pre-industrial at emissions emissions in
tration equilibrium, using "best 2050
estimate" climate
sensitivity
ppm °C Year % of the
emissions in
the year 2000
I 450 – 490 2.0 – 2.4 2000 – 2015 -85 to -50
II 490 – 535 2.4 – 2.8 2000 – 2020 -60 to -30
III 535 – 590 2.8 – 3.2 2010 – 2030 -30 to +5
IV 590 – 710 3.2 – 4.0 2020 – 2060 +10 to +60
V 710 – 855 4.0 – 4.9 2050 – 2080 +25 to +85
VI 855 – 4-9 – 6.1 2060 – 2090 +90 to + 140
1130
Source: IPCC, WG III, 4. Assessment Report, p. 57
E-A.1 14 10/09 Source: [IPCC] Author: PHI/ Ziesing / PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Damage costs versus prevention costs

Climate-damage costs
 Yearly loss of at least 5 % of the
worldwide growth rate to the
middle of the century
 Even as much as 20 % possible
with the effects on environment
and health as well as feedback
effects
Climate-protection costs
 Positive action in contrast costs
only 1% of the global gross
domestic product per year
 The critical threshold range of
2 °C warming above the pre-
industrial level would then not be
exceeded.
Source: Nicolas Stern: „The Stern Report Review on the Economics of Climate Change –
Damage costs versus prevention costs"

E-A.1 15 10/09 Fotos: Münchener Rück Author: Ziesing / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Scenarios for CO2-reduction:

550 450
Policy Policy Efficiency
45 Scenario Scenario Scenario
Reference Scenario (IEA)
(IEA) (IEA) (PHI)
550 Policy Scenario (IEA)
40
450 Policy Scenario (IEA)

Efficiency Scenario (PHI)

Gigatonnes CO2

35

30 53% 60%

-7%
-14%
25

20
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Nuclear
CCS
Source: [IEA 2008]: World Energy Outlook 2008 Renewables & biofuels
with an extension of an Efficiency-Scenario by Passivhaus Institut Energy efficiency
E-A.1 18 10/09 Graphic: PHD Author: PHI / PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Concrete sustainable solutions:

“Sustainable economic management can be enduringly

continued in the future, without significant disadvantages for
our fellow humans, environment and posterity.“

[6. Passive House Conference, Basel 2002]

[13. Passive House Conference, Frankfurt Main 2009]

 reliable
 depictable
 today
 everywhere

E-A.1 19 10/09 Source: [NASA], PHI Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House concept: A great leap

75 % reduction in heating
consumption in comparison
with the German legal
standard for new housing. 75%
 Practicable:
Achievable goal
Available funds

 Verifiable:

Passive House
Convincing results

 Open-concept:
Everyone can/may/wants to
participate

E-A.1 20 10/09 Source: PHI Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House: Single-family houses

Thomas Claußen Margrit Unger

Ulm, CasaNova GmbH Crimmitschau, Markus Wochner

Ulm-Eggingen. Martin Wamsler Chemnitz, Andreas Madreiter

E-A.1 21 10/09 Fotos: Madreiter, Unger, Wamsler, PHD Author: PHI / PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House: Multi-storey buildings

Grempstraße Frankfurt, Faktor 10

Frankfurt Sophienhof, FAAG Technik GmbH
Foto: PHI

Hamburg, J. Reinig Tevesstraße Frankfurt, Faktor 10

E-A.1 22 10/09 Sources: PHI: [Peper 2004] [Peper 2005] [Kaufmann 2009] Author: PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Comparison of consumption

Annual space heat consumption

in kWh/(m²a)

90% savings on
space heating

Existing Low CEPHEUS

building energy Passive
stock house Houses
CEPHEUS = Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standard
E-A.1 23 10/09 Source: PHI Author: PHI / PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House-suitable external wall constructions:

U  0.15 W/(m²K)

a) Masonry with EIFS b) Formwork element made c) light-weight element: wooden

(thickness > 250 mm) of rigid polystyrene box beam or plywood I-beam, fully
(240+120+60mm) insulated (30-40mm)

d) Formwork element on e) Prefabricated porous f) thick timber board wall

expanded clay basis (375mm) concrete element
Top- and bottom
sheet (steel)

 around 0.0022 W/(mK)

g) Prefabricated polyurethane i) Porous concrete blocks with
sandwich elements (200mm) h) Hightech: VIP* (25mm) mineral foam insulation

E-A.1 24 10/09 Source: PHI Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Thermal-bridge-free design!

Lime-sandstone
wall
sandstone
Lime-

E-A.1 25 10/09 Source: PHI Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Leakage in the roof

Problem: A gap with airflow from

inside out

RH 360 g water /day / m

RH
For comparison: with vapor 1 mm gap in
diffusion construction
Only 1 g water / day / m²
E-A.1 26 10/09 Source: PHI Author: PHI
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Thermal comfort: Influences

Essential factors which influence thermal

comfort

 Air temperature
 Surface temperatures
 Local temperature differences
(vertical and horizontal)
 Draughts
 Relative air humidity
 Clothing and degree of activity

E-A.1 27 10/09 Source: [EN ISO 7730], IG Passivhaus Deutschland Author: PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Radiant temperature asymmetry

standard window, Uw=1.6 W/(m²K)1)
Room with standard window and radiant temperature difference: 5.5K
double low-e glazing
 Low surface temperature of
window
 Radiation temperature
asymmetry too high
 Radiator below the window is
necessary
Passiv house window, Uw=0.8 W/(m²K)1)
Room with Passive House radiant temperature difference < 3K

window and triple-glazing

 Surface temperature of window
high
 Radiation temperature
asymmetry small enough
 Radiator not necessary for
comfort
E-A.1 29 10/09 Source: PHI /Sariri Author: PHI / PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Window profiles Uw,installed  0.85 W/(m²K)

E-A.1 30 10/09 Source: PHI Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

System concepts: Supply & Extract air system with HR

Fresh air Exhaust air Characteristics:

 Centrally located
6 ventilation unit with
7 fans and heat recovery
 Supply and extract air
Filter in separate ducts
1
Extract air Main components :
1. Ventilation unit with
4 3 Supply air
fans, control, HR, filters
2 T > 17°C 2. Ducting with silencers
3. Supply air inlets
4. Extract air outlets
5. Directed flow through
4 the internal rooms,
5 transfer openings in
internal doors
6. Exhaust air outlet
7. Fresh air inlet

E-C.1.2 09 10/09 Source: [PHI] Author: PHI / PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House components

Ventilation with  75 % heat recovery
Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³

Outdoor air Exhaust air Triple-glazing:

Heat protection:
Ug  0.8 W/(m²K)
U  0.15 W/(m²K)
Uw  0.8 W/(m²K) g-value 50 - 55 %
thermal bridge-free

Extract air Supply air

Airtightness:
n50  0.6 /h

E-A.1 31 10/09 Source: PHI/ [Cepheus 18 und 22] Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House criteria

Ventilation with  75 % heat recovery
Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³

Outdoor air Exhaust air Triple-glazing

Heat protection:
Ug  0.8 W/(m²K)
U  0.15 W/(m²K)
Uw  0.8 W/(m²K) g-value 50 - 55 %
thermal bridge-free

Extract air Supply air

Airtightness: Heating energy demand  15 kWh/(m²a)

n50  0.6 /h or Building heating load  10 W/m²
Useful cooling demand  15 kWh/(m²a)
Primary energy demand 120 kWh/(m²a)
Building airtightness  0.6 /h
Excess temperature frequency  10 %

E-A.1 32 10/09 Source: PHI/ [Cepheus 18 und 22] Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Heating load Darmstadt Kranichstein

Thermal insulation
with u-values
below 0.15
Supply air W/(sqmK)
Extract air

Triple Supply air

low-e glazing Out-
Supply air Extract air door
air

Exhaust air Supply air Extract air Supply air Filter

8
Heizleistung 92/93
heating load 92/93
Heizleistung 93/94
heating load 93/94
7 Heizleistung 94/95
heating load 94/95 Air to air
load

Heizleistung 95/96
heating load 95/96
gemessenen
[W/m²]

6 Heizleistung 96/97
heating load 96/97 Heat exchanger
der heating
[W/m²]

Subsoil heat exchanger

Heizleistung

5
mean specific

4
Tagesmittelwert
measured
spezifischen

2
daily

0
21. Sep 21. Okt 20. Nov 20. Dez 19. Jan 18. Feb 19. Mrz

D-C.2.1 17 04/09 Source: [PHI] Author: [PHI / PHD]

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House criteria for nonresidential buildings

Ventilation with  75 % heat recovery
Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³

Outdoor air Exhaust air Triple-glazing

Heat protection:
Ug  0.8 W/(m²K)
U  0.15 W/(m²K)
Uw  0.8 W/(m²K) g-value 50 - 55 %
thermal bridge-free

Extract air Supply air

Airtightness: Heating energy demand  15 kWh/(m²a)

n50  0.6 /h or Building heating load  10 W/m²
Useful cooling demand  15 kWh/(m²a)
Primary energy demand 120 kWh/(m²a)
Building airtightness  0.6 /h
Excess temperature frequency  10 %

Non-residential buildings: same criteria as for new constructions – the

limits for primary energy must still be calculated in individual cases.
E-A.1 38 10/09 Source: PHI/ [Cepheus 18 und 22] Author: PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House schools

Primary school Köln-Zündorf,
Heiermann Architekten

Montessori-Volksschule,
Aufkirchen, WGVL-Architekten

Primary school Preungesheim,

Frankfurt Riedberg, 4a-Architekten
Cheret und Bozic

Erweiterung Otto-Hahn-Gymnasium Dinslaken, Hauptschule Klaus-Weiler-Fraxern,

Hülsdonk & Ebbert Dietrich | Untertrifaller

E-A.1 39 10/09 Sources: Architects, PHI, PHD Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House kindergartens

Foto: Volker Kreidler

Kindergarten,
Wurm Architektur

Foto: Erber Architekten

Kindergarten Erber Architekten

Foto: Karl Schulze

Kindergarten,
AWA Architekten Schulze+Partner
E-A.1 40 10/09 Fotos: Schulze, Erber Architekten, Kreidler Author: PHD
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House gyms

Sport- und Mehrzweckturnhalle Unterschleißheim, Einfeldturnhalle Heidelberg,

P S A Pfletscher und Steffan Foto: PHI ap88 Architektengemeinschaft
Foto: PHI

Dreifeldturnhalle Herriden,
Haindl und Kollegen

E-A.1 41 10/09 Sources: Architects, PHI, PHD Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House office buildings

Technologiezentrum lu-teco, Ludwigshafen,

Expost, Bozen, Michael Tribus Foto: PHI Architekturbüro Lutz Laier

ENERGON, Ulm, oehler, faigle archkom solar architektur

E-A.1 42 10/09 Sources: Architects, PHI, PHD Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Passive House or not? 5 minutes

5 out of 46 –
figure out which
of these houses
are not Passive
Houses!

E-A.1 43 10/09 Source: [IG-Passivhaus Deutschland] Author: PHD

 Passive House Design | Introduction

Literature

[Feist 2001-1]: W. Feist: Gestaltungsgrundlagen Passivhäuser. Darmstadt 2001

[Feist 2004-2009]: W.Feist: Passivhauskurs. www.passivhauskurs.de

[Feist 2006a] Wolfgang Feist: 15 jähriges Jubiläum für das Passivhaus Darmstadt -
Kranichstein, Internetpublikation, Darmstadt 2006
[Feist 2006b] Wolfgang Feist: Wohnbauten mit Stahltragwerk als Niedrigenergie- oder
Passivhäuser - Anforderungen an die Gebäudehülle, NRW-Stahlbau-Kongress, 2006

[AkkP 25] Arbeitskreis kostengünstige Passivhäuser 25: Temperaturdifferenzierung in der

Wohnung. Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 2004.

[EN ISO 7730]: Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung - Analytische Bestimmung und
Interpretation der thermischen Behaglichkeit durch Berechnung des PMV- und des PPD-
Indexes und Kriterien der lokalen thermischen Behaglichkeit (ISO 7730:2005); Deutsche
Fassung EN ISO 7730:2005

[Fanger]: Fanger, P.O.: Thermal Comfort. Analysis and Applications in Environmental

Engineering, USA: New York 1972, © P.O Fanger 1970

[IG PH 2003 – 2008] IG Passivhaus Deutschland: Aktiv für mehr Behaglichkeit: Das
Passivhaus. Broschüre

D-A.1 44 10/09
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Literature

[IPCC]: IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Fourth Assessment Report: Climate
Change 2007 (AR4), http://www.ipcc.ch/
[IEA 2008]: International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook, 2008. Bezug: www.iea.org
[Nansen 1987]: Fridtjof Nansen: In Nacht und Eis. 1897. Orig.: Fram over Polhavet Kristiania.,
Aschehoug & Co., 1897
[NASA]: http://www.nasa.gov/
Passive House Institute: Certification criteria: www.passiv.de
[PHD 1999 – 2009] Passive House project data base: www.passivhausprojekte.de
[PHI-1997/4] W. Feist: Passivhaus Darmstadt Kranichstein - Planung, Bau, Ergebnisse.
Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 1997
[PHPP] PHPP 2007: Passive House Planning Package 2007. Passive House Institute,
Darmstadt
[Stern]: Nicholas Stern: Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, http://www.hm-
treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm

[Ziesing]: Dr. Hans-Joachim Ziesing: Wirtschafts- und klimaschutzpolitische Bedeutung der

energieeffizienten Sanierung, Vortrag bei der 13. Internationalen Passivhaustagung in
Frankfurt am Main. Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 2009
E-A.1 45 10/09
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Project- / Research reports

[CEPHEUS 2001]: Schnieders/Feist/Pfluger/Kah: CEPHEUS Wissenschaftliche
Begleitung und Auswertung Endbericht. Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 2001/ 2. Auflage
2007
[Feist 1993] Wolfgang Feist: Passivhäuser in Mitteleuropa. Kassel/Darmstadt 1993
[Feist 2005]: Feist, W.: Heizlast in Passivhäusern – Validierung durch Messungen;
Endbericht für IEA SHC Task 28 / ECBCS Annex 38, 1. Auflage, Darmstadt 2005
[Feist 2006a] Wolfgang Feist: 15 jähriges Jubiläum für das Passivhaus Darmstadt -
Kranichstein, Internetpublikation, Darmstadt 2006
[Peper 2004] Søren Peper, Wolfgang Feist, Rainer Pfluger: Ein nordorientiertes
Passivhaus - Messtechnische Untersuchung und Auswertung von 19 Wohnungen im
Passivhaus-Standard in Frankfurt-Bockenheim, Passivhaus „Wohnen bei St. Jakob“
– Endbericht. Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 2004
[Peper 2005] Søren Peper, Jürgen Schnieders, Wolfgang Feist: Mehrgeschoss-
Passivhaus Hamburg Pinnasberg, Endbericht der Messtechnischen Untersuchungen
zum thermischen Verhalten des Mehrgeschoss-Passivhauses „Parkhaus“ in
Hamburg, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 2005.
[Kaufmann 2009]: Kaufmann, B.; S. Peper; R. Pfluger; W. Feist: Sanierung mit
Passivhaus-Komponenten. Planungsbegleitende Beratung und Qualitätssicherung
Tevesstraße Frankfurt/M. Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 2009

E-A.1 46 10/09
 Passive House Design | Introduction

Authors
 Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Feist, Universität Innsbruck and PHI, Darmstadt
Founder and director of the Passive House Institute, Darmstadt;

 Martin Such, Dipl. Ing. (FH), PHD, Darmstadt

CEO Passivhaus Dienstleistung GmbH;
authorized Passive House certifier by PHI;
PHD-course instructor for many years;

 Annette Bähr, Architect, PHD, Darmstadt

Quality assurance and further education

 Dr. Berthold Kaufmann, PHI, Darmstadt

Senior scientist at the Passive House Institute;

 Dr.-Ing. Rainer Pfluger, UIBK, Innsbruck

Senior scientist at the Passive House Institute Institut until 2008;
Assistant professor at the Institute for Building physics of University of Innsbruck since
2008;
 Dr. Hans-Joachim Ziesing, Ecologic, Berlin
Senior Policy Advisor
1969 until 2006 Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW Berlin)

D-A.1 47 10/09 Autor: PHI / PHD / HK