Exercise 203 Solutions

Question 1

Use Gauss theorem to evaluate

 div F dV
1 2
where F  xy,  y , z and the surface
2
z  4  3x  3 y , 1  z  4 on the top
2 2

x 2  y 2  1, 0  z  1 on the sides and

z  0 on the bottom.
Question 1
Use cylinder polar coordinate,
0  z  4  3r 2

0  r 1
0    2

div F  y  y  1  1
 
 div F dV
2 1 4  3 r 2
  
0 0 0
r dzdrd

2 1
    
3
4 r 3r drd
0 0
2
5
 
0 4
d

5
 
2
Question 2

Evaluate  div F%dV where

F  ( x  y ) i  ( x  y  z ) j  ( x  y  z )k
2 2

% % % %
is bounded by
i) plane x  0, x  1, y  0, y  3, z  0 & z  2.
ii ) x 2  y 2  4 and z  0, z  4.
iii ) x 2  y 2  z 2  9, z  0.
Question 2

div F  1  1  1  1
 4 2 2 
   div F dV ii )   div F rdrd dz
0 0 0
2 3 1  4 2 2
i )    div F dxdydz     rdrd dz
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 1 4 2
    dxdydz    2 d dz
0 0 0 0 0
2 3 4
   dydz   4 dz
0 0 0
2
 16
  3 dz
0

6
 
2 2 3  2
iii )    div F r sin  drd d
0 0 0

2 2 3
    sin  drd d
2
r
0 0 0

2 2
   9sin  d d
0 0
2
  9 d
0

 18
Question 3

Use Stoke theorem to evaluate

 curl F  dS
where F  z , 3 xy, x y
2 3 3
and S is the
part of z  5  x  y above the plane
2 2

z  1 with z is upwards oriented.

Question 3
Surface intersects,
1  5  x2  y 2
x 2  y 2  4, at z  1
Use cylinder polar coordinate,
x  2 cos 
y  2sin 
z 1
   
 r  2 cos  i  2sin  j  k , 0    2
  
dr  2sin  i  2 cos  j
using Stoke theorem as line integral,
   
 curl F  dS   F  dr
S C
2
  2sin   24sin  cos  d
2

0
2
  2 cos   8cos  
3
0

0
Question 4(a)
a)
Stokes theorem is an extension to the Green theorem
by having the complete orientation of line and
surface directions. Stokes theorem is given by

 F% dr% 
Ñc S
curlF  ndS .
%%

i ) state the condition that related Stoke theorem & Green theorem.
ii ) For the special case of Stokes theorem where n  0, 0,1 ,
%
on plane z  0, show that Stokes theorem can be written as
 Q P 
 c Pdx  Qdy  S  x  y dxdy.
Ñ
Question 4(b)

b)
Let S be the surface defined by z  x 2  y 2 , for z  1
and vector field of F  yz 2 , 0, 0 , Use Stokes theorem
%
to evaluate

 curl F% %
S
ndS

where dS is the downward-pointing normal vector.

 Question 4 (a)
i) Green’s theorem and Stokes’ theorem are both relate
the closed line integrals with surface integrals.

ii) z
Let closed line curve C and surface S
Unit normal (bounded by closed line) in x-y plane
vector for positive Closed line in anti-clockwise direction.
oriented surface:
nk k Choose any two point:
  
P ( x, y ) ; Q( x, y )
0 x
Vector field refer to P and
Q Q: F  Pi  Qj
P   
y Vector in x-y plane only
From Stokes’ theorem formula:  F  dr   (  F )  n dS
C S

For closed line integration:

 F  dr    Pi  Qj    dxi  dyj 

C C

  P dx  Q dy
…………………………………………(1)
C
From Stokes’ theorem formula:
 F  dr   (  F )  n dS
C S

For surface integration:

  P and Q as a function of x and y
 (  F )  n dS
S
P ( x , y ) Q ( x, y )

i j k
        
   
 F   y z i  x z j  x y k
x y z  
Q 0 P 0  P Q
P Q 0
=0 =0
 i j k
  
    Q P 
 F   (0) i  (0) j    k
 x y z    x y  
P Q 0
Then,
 Q P 
S (  F )  n dS  S  x  y  k  k dxdy
 Q P 
     dxdy
…………………………………………(2)
S 
x y 
Thus, Eq. (1) = Eq. (2) gives

 Q P 
C P dx  Q dy    x  y  dxdy Green’s Theorem
S

If we consider for clockwise direction of closed line, then we have

surface in negative orientation, wheren   k , thus the relation
gives:  

 P Q 
C P dx  Q dx  S  y  x  dxdy
4 b)
   
 F ( x, y, z)  dr   curl F  n dS
C S

When z  1,
x  y  1,
2 2

use cylinder polar coordinate,

x  r cos   cos 
y  r sin   sin 
z  z 1

r  cos  ,sin  ,1 

dr   sin  , cos  , 0  d

F  sin  , 0, 0 
 
F dr  sin  , 0, 0   sin  , cos  , 0  d
  sin  d
2
2
  2
 F dr    sin  d
2

0 0
2
1

2  (cos 2  1) d
0
2
1 1 
  sin 2   
2 2 0
 
Question 5 (a)

Table 1: Acceleration as a function of time

Time, t s -2 -1 0 1 2
Acceleration, A t  ms 2 65 13 5 11 25

Based on Table 1, by Newton’s divided difference method,

show that polynomial interpolation for,

A(t )  t  3t  6t  2t  5
4 3 2
Question 5 (b)
i)
Given that
y  4  t  2 y, y (0)  1,
approximate y at t  1 with h  0.1 using Euler method.

ii)
Given the exact solution of the differential equation
above is y  0.25  2t  11e 2t  7  ,
calculate all the error and percentage of
relative error between the exact and the approximate.
5 a)
A(t )  65
 (t  2)(52)
 (t  2)(t  1)(22)
 (t  2)(t  1)(t )(5)
 (t  2)(t  1)(t )(t  1)(1)
 65
 (t  2)(52)
 (t 2  3t  2)(22)
 (t 3  3t 2  2t )(5)
 (t 4  2t 3  t 2  2t )
 t 4  3t 3  6t 2  2t  5
5 b)

In calculator, set this

y  hy 
 y  0.1 4  t  2 y 
 1.2 y  0.1t  0.4
Question 6 (a)
0.5

 t 
 3t  6t  2t  5 dt  2.9594.
4 3 2
Given that
0

Let h  0.1, estimate above integral value using,

i) Rectangular rule.
ii) Trapezoidal rule.
iii) Simpson rule.
iv) compare results from i) to iii), which rule is better
for estimating above integral? Why is it better?
Question 6 (b)
Given an initial boundary value problem for
1-Dimensional heat equation,
u  2 u
 2 , 0 xL ,t 0
t x
u  0, t   u  L, t   0 , t  0
u  x, 0   e x  1.
where x  0.4, t  0.02 and t  0.04
with equation as follows,
 u  2u  u 
ui ,t 1  0.02  i 1,t i ,t i 1, t
  ui ,t .
  0.4  
2
 
Also the figure as follows,
Question 6 (b)

i) Determine L.
ii) Find all value for nodes u1,1 , u2,1 , u3,1 , u3,2 , u4,0.
6 a)
Rectangular Rule
i xi xi* f(xi*)
0 0.0000    
1 0.1000 0.0500 5.1146
2 0.2000 0.1500 5.4254
3 0.3000 0.2500 5.8320
4 0.4000 0.3500 6.3214
5 0.5000 0.4500 6.8826
Total 29.5761
V= 2.9576
Trapezoidal Rule
i xi f(a) & f(b) f(xi)
0 0.0000 5.0000  
1 0.1000   5.2571
2 0.2000   5.6176
3 0.3000   6.0671
4 0.4000   6.5936
5 0.5000 7.1875  
Total 12.1875 23.5354
V= 2.9629
Simpson's Rule
i xi f(a) & f(b) f_odd f_even
0 0.0000 5.0000    
1 0.1000   5.2571  
2 0.2000     5.6176
3 0.3000   6.0671  
4 0.4000     6.5936
5 0.5000 7.1875    
Total 12.1875 11.3242 12.2112
V= 2.7302

Trapezoidal is better rule as it get lower error

compared to other rules.
6 b)  u  2u  u 
ui ,t 1  0.02  i 1, t i ,t i 1, t
  ui , t
  0.4  
2
L2  
ui ,t 1  0.125  ui 1,t  ui 1,t   0.75ui ,t
u1,1  5.9530
u2,1  2.2717
u3,1  3.2684
u3,2  4.3870
u4,0.  4.3244
Question 7 (a)

Let y  x  2 x  1  0.5e be the

2 x

exact solution to the initial value problem

y  y  1  x 2
; y  0   0.5.
i) with h  0.1, use 4th order
Runge-Kutta method to approximate y
for 0  x  0.2. Tabulate all the solutions.
Question 7 (a)

ii) Based on solution in 7)a)i) , calculate percentage

relative error of exact and approximate y.
Tabulate all the solutions.

iii) Based on your knowledge, why solution of

4th order Runge-Kutta method gives better
accuracy compared to Euler's method?
 Question 7 (b)
Given the solutions of y  y  x 2 +1 with initial condition
y  0   0.5 on x   0, 2  using 4th order Runge-Kutta method
with h  0.5 is as follows:
i x yi k1 k2 k3 k4
0 0 0.5000 0.7500 0.9063 0.9453 ?
1 0.5 1.4251 1.0876 1.2032 ? 1.3286
2 1.0 2.6396 1.3198 ? 1.3807 1.3851
3 1.5 4.0068 ? 1.3168 1.3013 1.1541
4 2.0 ?

Find all the missing values (?) in table.

 7 a)

x K1 K2 K3 K4 y=f(x)
0         0.5
0.1 0.15 0.15725 0.157613 0.164761 0.657414
0.2 0.164741 0.171729 0.172078 0.178949 0.829298

x y-Exact y-RK4 % error RK4

0 0.5 0.5 0

0.1 0.657415 0.657414 0.000152

0.2 0.829299 0.829298 0.000121

No. RK4 still gives better accuracy.
Reason: RK4 uses 4 function evaluations (k1,k2,k3,k4)
which lead to have better approximation, while
Euler’s method requires one function evaluation only.
7 b)

i xi yi k1 k2 k3 k4

0 0.00 0.5000 0.7500 0.9063 0.9453 1.0977

1 0.50 1.4251 1.0876 1.2032 1.2321 1.3286

2 1.00 2.6396 1.3198 1.3685 1.3807 1.3851

3 1.50 4.0068 1.3784 1.3168 1.3013 1.1541

4 2.00 5.3016 - - - -
Question 8

Evaluate Green theorem for

 C 
  
2
5 x y dx 2 x dy 
where C is a closed curve bounded by
y   x 2  10 and y  4 x  13.
 Q P 
[Hint:   P dx  Q dy       dx dy ]
C S
 x y 
8) y

(1,9)
To find intersection point: C2

y1  y2
C1 (3,1)

 x  10  4 x  13
2

x
x  4x  3  0
2 0 1
3

 x  1  x  3  0
x 1 @ x  3

P  5x2 y Q  2 x
P Q
 5x2  2
y x
  Q P 
 
3  x 2 10
 S  x y 
   x 1  y 4 x 13   2
dy dx 2 5 x dy dx

 
3  x 2 10
  2  5 x 2 y  dx
x 1   y 4 x 13

 
3
 5 x 4  20 x 3  17 x 2  8 x  6 dx
x 1
3
 5 17 3 
  x  5x  x  4 x  6 x 
4 2

 3  x 1
92

3
Alternative

C1 : y  4 x  13 , dy  4 dx , x  1  x  3

 C1
P dx  Q dy  
C1
 5 x 2 y dx  2 x dy 
5 x  4 x  13 dx  2 x  4 dx 
3
 2
x 1

 
3
 20 x 3  65 x 2  8 x dx
x 1
3
 65 3 2
  5 x 
4
x  4x 
 3  x 1
586

3
C2 : y   x  10 , dy  2 x dx , x  3  x  1
2

 C2
P dx  Q dy  
C2
 5x 2
y dx  2 x dy 
 
5 x 2  x 2  10 dx  2 x  2 x dx 
1

x 3

 5x 
1
 4
 54 x 2
dx
x 3
1
   x  18 x 
5 3
x 3

 226
586 92
  P dx  Q dy   226  
C 3 3