Literature

-is the art of written

works
-came from the Latin
word “littera”
-which literally mean
acquaintance with letters
Oral Literature
-refers to oral traditions,
which include epics,
ballads, legends and
folktales, among others
Literary
Types or
Genre
Poetry
-is literature in metrical
measure.
-short story, essay, novel,
drama
-but it can also be free
verse
Poetry can
be:
Narrative like The Iliad
Lyric like I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud
Dramatic like Romeo
and Juliet
The Elements of
Poetry
Connotation
-refers to the emotional
meanings of words used in
poems
Sound and Rhythm
Figurative Language
-words used to mean
something other than what
they ordinarily mean.
Imagery
-pertains to mental
images the poet wants the
readers to see.
Fiction
-presents a narration of
imaginative events in an
imaginative character’s
life, such as in novels and
short stories
 Elements of
Fiction
Character
-an imaginary person
represented in a work of
fiction
Plot
-sequence of events in a
Setting
-refers to the time and
location of the action
Theme
-universal idea of the
fundamental issue that is
presented in fiction
Language and Style
-refers to the words use
in the material and how
the writer makes use of
these words
Point of View
-is the vantage point
from which the events,
actions and characters are
Drama
-intended for stage
performance by actors.
-the playwright writes
dialogues for the actors or
actresses
 Elements of
Plot
Drama
-refers to sequence of events
-exposition, inciting incident,
rising action, turning point,
falling action and denouement
or resolution
Character
-imaginary person presented
Conflict
-the dispute or clash
between characters
Discovery, Reversal,
Dramatic Irony
-discovery carries out
audience’s expectations,
reversals give them
surprises, dramatic irony
builds up tension and
Language and Idea
-language refers to the
words used and the ideas
pertain to what he wants the
audience to think about.
Essay
-is an analytic or
interpretive composition
that deals with a single
topic.
-is subjective in nature as it
attempts to express the
opinion of the writer about
 Elements of
Essay
Theme
-pertains to the
underlying idea of the
essay
Style
-is the way the writer
Form and Structure
-refers to the way parts of
the essay are arranged and
connected to one another to
achieve a desired effect.
Important
Periods for
Literature
Ancient
Greek/Archaic
Homer became famous
for The Iliad and The
Odyssey.
The dominant literary
expression was that of the
verse sung to the music of
lyre.
Hellenic Age
Aeschylus wrote The
Persians and Agamemnon.
Tragedy as a dramatic
form reached its
perfection.
Hellenistic
Menander wrote The
Woman from Samos.
A genre called New
Comedy was developed.
The New Comedy
presented satirical scenes
from middle- class life.
Roman
Divided into three
periods: First, Second and
Third Literary Period.
Cicero wrote The Dream
of Scipio.
Vergil wrote The Aeneid.
Literary works are usually
Medieval
Dante Alighieri wrote The
Divine Comedy.
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote
The Canterbury Tales.
Literary works mostly
consisted of epic, ballad,
romance and lyric.
Renaissance
Miguel de Cervantes
Saavedra wrote Don Quixote.
William Shakespeare wrote
Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth
and Midsummer Night’s
Dream.
There was a shift of
emphasis from religion and
Age of
Enlightenment/
Baroque
John Milton wrote
Paradise Lost.
Literature saw a
transformation by the rule
of reason, poetry having
been the most affected.
Romantic
William Wordsworth
wrote Daffodils.
Edgar Allan Poe wrote
The Raven and Annabel
Lee.
Victor Hugo wrote Les
Miserables.
Literature during this
period focused on the
worth of the individual.
It valued feeling and
intuition over reasoning.
Realism
Henry James wrote The
Portrait of a Lady.
Mark Twain wrote The
Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn.
Literary works were a
faithful presentation of
Modern
Leo Tolstoy wrote Anna
Karenina.
F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote
The Great Gatsby.
Literary works showed a
strongly realistic quality.
 Asian
TheLiterature
Chinese Classics: Book
of Changes, Book of History,
Book of Rites, Book of Odes,
Spring and Autumn Annals.
India: Ramayana and
Mahabharata
Japan: Kojiki (Records of
Ancient Matters), Nihongi
Philippine
Literature
Spanish Period
Doctrina Christian en
lengua Española y Tagala.
Awit like Florante at
Laura, Corrido like Ibong
Adarna.
Moro- moro
Nationalistic
Period
Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo by Jose
Rizal.
La Solidaridad
Pag- ibig sa Tinubuang
Lupa by Andres Bonifacio.
American
Occupation
Jose Garcia Villa-
Footnote to Youth
Zoilo Galang- Child of
Sorrow
NVM Gonzales
Japanese
Occupation
Macario Pineda- Suyuan
sa Tubigan
Liwayway Arceo- Uhaw
ang Tigang na Lupa
Alejandro Abadilla- Ako
ang Daigdig
Pre- Spanish
Period
Oral literature handed
down by the elders to the
next generation.
Epics like Biag ni Lam-
ang, Bantugan and
Hudhud at Alim.
Contemporary
Period
F. Sionil Jose- Waywaya
Maximo Ramos- Creatures
of Midnight
Edith Tiempo- Lament for
the Littlest Fellow