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""
s e c o n d - le v e l n o d e s e c o n d - le v e l n o d e s e c o n d - le v e l n o d e s e c o n d - le v e l n o d e s e c o n d - le v e l n o d e
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n o m in u m m e ta in fo b e r k e le y nwu n a to a rm y uu
w est e a st w w w
d a k o ta to rn a d o
"" nominum.com
zone
.a rp a .c o m .e d u
ams.nominum.com
rwc.nominum.com zone
zone acm ebw n o m in u m n e ts o l
rw c w w w ftp am s
204.152.187.11
serves data for
204.152.187.11
isc.org zone only
Cache Data
(responses from
other name servers)
Agent
(looks up queries Resolver
Query
on behalf of resolvers)
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Using Other Name Servers
Name Server Process
Authoritative Data
(primary master and
slave zones)
Response
Cache Data
Response
(responses from
Arbitrary
other name servers)
name
Agent Query server
(looks up queries Resolver
Query
on behalf of resolvers)
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Cached Data
Name Server Process
Authoritative Data
(primary master and
slave zones) Response
Cache Data
(responses from
other name servers)
Agent
(looks up queries Query Resolver
on behalf of resolvers)
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Overview
• Introduction to the DNS
• DNS Components
– The name space
– The servers
– The resolvers
• DNS Structure and Hierarchy
• The DNS in Context
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Name Resolution
• Name resolution is the process by which resolvers
and name servers cooperate to find data in the
name space
• To find information anywhere in the name space,
a name server only needs the names and IP
addresses of the name servers for the root zone
(the “root name servers”)
– The root name servers know about the top-level zones
and can tell name servers whom to contact for all TLDs
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The workstation annie asks its configured name
server, dakota, for www.nominum.com’s address
dakota.west.sprockets.com
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The name server dakota asks a root name server, m, for
www.nominum.com’s address
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The root server m refers dakota to the com name servers
• This type of response is called a “referral”
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com Here’s a list of the
com name servers.
Ask one of them.
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The name server dakota asks a com name server, f,
for www.nominum.com’s address
What’s the IP address
of
www.nominum.com?
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The com name server f refers dakota to the
nominum.com name servers
Here’s a list of the
nominum.com
name servers.
Ask one of them.
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The name server dakota asks an nominum.com name
server, ns1.sanjose, for www.nominum.com’s address
What’s the IP address
of
www.nominum.com?
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
ns1.sanjose.nominum.net
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The nominum.com name server ns1.sanjose
responds with www.nominum.com’s address
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The Resolution Process
• The name server dakota responds to annie with
www.nominum.com’s address
Here’s the IP
address for
www.nominum.com
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
ns1.sanjose.nominum.net
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping www.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Resolution Process (Caching)
• After the previous query, the name server dakota now knows:
– The names and IP addresses of the com name servers
– The names and IP addresses of the nominum.com name servers
– The IP address of www.nominum.com
• Let’s look at the resolution process again
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping ftp.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Resolution Process (Caching)
• The workstation annie asks its configured name
server, dakota, for ftp.nominum.com’s address
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping ftp.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Resolution Process (Caching)
• dakota has cached an NS record indicating ns1.sanjose is
an nominum.com name server, so it asks it for
ftp.nominum.com’s address
What’s the IP address
of ftp.nominum.com?
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
ns1.sanjose.nominum.net
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping ftp.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Resolution Process (Caching)
• The nominum.com name server ns1.sanjose
responds with ftp.nominum.com’s address
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
Here’s the IP
address for ns1.sanjose.nominum.net
ftp.nominum.com
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping ftp.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
Resolution Process (Caching)
• The name server dakota responds to annie with
ftp.nominum.com’s address
Here’s the IP
address for
ftp.nominum.com
m.root-servers.net
dakota.west.sprockets.com
ns1.sanjose.nominum.net
f.gtld-servers.net
annie.west.sprockets.com
ping ftp.nominum.com.
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
What can be Resolved?
• Any name in the name space
• Class
– Internet (IN), Chaos (CH), Hesiod (HS)
• Type
– Address (A, AAAA, A6)
– Pointer (PTR, NAPTR)
– Aliases (CNAME, DNAME)
– Security related (TSIG, SIG, NXT, KEY)
– Etc.
"."
CO M A F IN T G O V
C o m m e r c i a l O r g a n iz a t i o n s A f g h a n is t a n I n t e r n a t io n a l T r e a t y O r g a n iz a t io n s G o v e r n m e n t a l O r g a n iz a t io n s
NET AL AR PA M IL
N e tw o rk In fra s tru c tu re A l b a n ia ( T r a n s it io n D e v ic e ) M ilit a r y O r g a n iz a t io n s
O RG D Z ED U
O t h e r O r g a n iz a tio n s A l g e r ia E d u c a t io n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s
. ..
YU
Y u g o s l a v ia
ZM
Z a m b ia
ZW
Z im b a b w e
Registry Zone DB
Slaves
Registrar submits
updated
add/modify/delete
to registry
Registrants
Registrants
ITU ENUM Workshop
Jan 17, 2000
Copyright © 2001, Nominum, Inc.
The “Generic” Top-Level
Domains (gTLDs)
• .COM, .NET, and .ORG
– By far the largest top level domains on the Internet
today
• .COM has approx. 20,000,000 names
– Essentially no restriction on what can be registered
• Network Solutions (now Verisign) received the
contract for the registry for .COM, .NET, and
.ORG
– also a registrar for these TLDs