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2
1.93
1.64
1.5
1.42
1.25
1.11
1 1.00
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
• Numerical methods mean that they are only
approximations and thus do not coincide
completely with the particular solution.
yi 1 yi ( x xi ) • m=Φ
yi 1 yi h • h = ∆x = step size
• General form:
• According to this
yi+1 = yi + Φh equation, the slope
estimate of φ is used to
extrapolate from an old
value yi to a new value
yi+1 over a distance h.
y ' f ( x, y )
y' x y
• Approximate graphical solution to y' x y by RK 4th order Method.
1.8 1.80
OUTPUT
1.6 1.58
X Y
(X0, Y0) 0 1 1.4 1.40
0.4
0.2
0 0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
y 2e x x 1
• Source: wolframalpha.com
True Value VS RKM Value
2 RKM VALUE
X Y
1.8 (X0, Y0) 0 1
(X1,Y1) 0.1 1.110342
1.6
(X2, Y2) 0.2 1.242805
(X3, Y3) 0.3 1.399717
1.4
(X4, Y4) 0.4 1.583648
1.2 (X5, Y5) 0.5 1.797441
RKM Value
True Value
1
0.8
TRUE VALUE
0.6 X Y
(X0, Y0) 0 1.000000
0.4 (X1,Y1) 0.1 1.110342
(X2, Y2) 0.2 1.242806
0.2 (X3, Y3) 0.3 1.399718
(X4, Y4) 0.4 1.583649
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 (X5, Y5) 0.5 1.797443
TRUE VALUE RKM VALUE TAYLOR METHOD VALUE
X Y X Y X Y
(X0, Y0) 0 1.00000 (X0, Y0) 0 1 (X0, Y0) 0 1
(X1,Y1) 0.1 1.11034 (X1,Y1) 0.1 1.110342 (X1,Y1) 0.1 1.110342
(X2, Y2) 0.2 1.24281 (X2, Y2) 0.2 1.242805 (X2, Y2) 0.2 1.242805
(X3, Y3) 0.3 1.39972 (X3, Y3) 0.3 1.399717 (X3, Y3) 0.3 1.399716
(X4, Y4) 0.4 1.58365 (X4, Y4) 0.4 1.583648 (X4, Y4) 0.4 1.583988
(X5, Y5) 0.5 1.79744 (X5, Y5) 0.5 1.797441 (X5, Y5) 0.5 1.797396
1.8
1.6
1.4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
True Value VS RKM Value
TRUE VALUE
50000
X Y
(X0, Y0) 0 1.000000
45000 (X1,Y1) 1 3.436564
(X2, Y2) 2 11.778112
(X3, Y3) 3 36.171074
40000 (X4, Y4) 4 104.196300
(X5, Y5) 5 290.826318
(X6, Y6) 6 799.857587
35000 (X7, Y7) 7 2185.266317
(X8, Y8) 8 5952.915974
(X9, Y9) 9 16196.167855
30000
(X10, Y10) 10 44041.931590
RKM Value
True Value
25000
RKM VALUE
20000 X Y
(X0, Y0) 0 1
(X1,Y1) 1 3.416667
15000
(X2, Y2) 2 11.67014
(X3, Y3) 3 35.73163
10000 (X4, Y4) 4 102.6065
(X5, Y5) 5 285.4342
(X6, Y6) 6 782.3011
5000 (X7, Y7) 7 2129.69
(X8, Y8) 8 5780.578
(X9, Y9) 9 15670.11
0 (X10, Y10) 10 42455.96
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
• Example 2
– page 57; Exercise 1 (Elementary
Differential Equations, Rainville,
Bedient, Bedient)
y' y x 2 2
• Approximate graphical solution to y ' y 2 x 2 by RK 4th order Method.
2.5
2
1.93 OUTPUT
X Y
1.64
(X0, Y0) 0 1
1.5
1.42 (X1,Y1) 0.1 1.110758
1.25 (X2, Y2) 0.2 1.246981
1.11
1 1.00 (X3, Y3) 0.3 1.417477
(X4, Y4) 0.4 1.637312
(X5, Y5) 0.5 1.933628
0.5
0 0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
• Source: wolframalpha.com
• Source: wolframalpha.com
• Example 3
Solve the differential
equation by Runge-Kutta
Method for which y = -1 and
x = 0. Compute the
approximate values of y for
x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0
y' x y2
• Approximate graphical solution to y ' x 2 y by RK 4th order Method.
0 0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
-0.5
OUTPUT
X Y
-1 -1.00 (X0, Y0) 0 -1
-1.10
(X1,Y1) 0.1 -1.10483
-1.22
-1.34 (X2, Y2) 0.2 -1.2186
-1.5 (X3, Y3) 0.3 -1.34014
-1.60
(X4, Y4) 0.5 -1.60128
(X5, Y5) 1 -2.28153
-2
-2.28
-2.5
Initial Values, x = 0 , y = -1
-1 = 0 + 0 + c(1) – 2
c=1
Therefore, the solution is
y ex x2 2x 2
• Source: wolframalpha.com
True Value VS RKM Value
0.00000 RKM Value
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
X Y
(X0, Y0) 0 -1
(X1,Y1) 0.1 -1.10483
-0.50000
(X2, Y2) 0.2 -1.2186
(X3, Y3) 0.3 -1.34014
(X4, Y4) 0.5 -1.60128
-1.00000 (X5, Y5) 1 -2.28153
True Value
RKM Value
TRUE VALUE
-1.50000
X Y
(X0, Y0) 0 -1.00000
(X1,Y1) 0.1 -1.10483
-2.00000 (X2, Y2) 0.2 -1.21860
(X3, Y3) 0.3 -1.34014
(X4, Y4) 0.5 -1.60128
(X5, Y5) 1 -2.28172
-2.50000
END