GlobalDemography:Population,

Urbanization,andEcology
Sir Malit
What is Population?
Population and Ecology are
closely related to each other.
The growth of population can
be a burden to the
environment, depleting its
resources and threatening
human and animal life.

2
What is demography?
Demography refers to the
scientific study of the size,
composition, distribution and
changes in human population.
Demographic studies describe
the composition of a
population by its distribution
of population categories such
as race, age, marital status,
gender, socioeconomic status,
and religion.

3
What is demography?
Demographers seek to know
the levels and trends in
population size and its
component. They search for
explanations of demographic
change and their implication
for society. They use census
birth and death records,
surveys, visa records, even
motor vehicle and school
registration.

4
The tools of
Demography

5
Count
This refers to the
absolute number of a
population or any
demographic event
occurring in a specified
area in a specified time
period (for example,
1,200,500 live births
occurred in Japan in
1977). The raw
quantities of 6
demographic events
Rate
The frequency of demographic
events in a population during
a specified time period
(usually a year) divided by the
population “at risk” of the
event occurring during that
time period. Rates tell how
common it is for a given event
to occur (for example, in 1997
in Papua New Guinea, there
were 34 live births per 1,000
population). Most rates are
expressed per 1,000
population.
7
Ratio
The relation of one population
subgroup to the total
population or to another
subgroup, that is, one
subgroup divided by another
(for example, the sex ratio in
Iran in 1996 was 103 males
per 100 females).

8
Proportion
The relation of population
subgroup to the entire
population, that is, a
population subgroup divided
by the entire population (for
example, the proportion of
Malaysia’s population
classified as urban was .57 or
57%).

9
Constant
An unchanging, arbitrary
number by which rates, ratios,
or proportions can be
multiplied to express these
measures in a more
understandable fashion.

10
Cohort Measure
A statistic about measures
events occurring to a cohort
(a group of people sharing a
common demographic
experience) who are observed
through time. The most
common used cohort is the
birth cohorts– people born in
the same year or period.
Other kinds of cohorts include
marriage cohorts and school
class cohorts.

11
Period Measure
A statistic that measures
events occurring to all part or
part of a population during
one period of time, this
measure “takes a snapshot of
a population, in effect (For
example, the death rate of the
entire Canadian population in
1997 was 7 per 1,000).

12
About
Population

13
Population Composition and
Density
Population density can be expressed as a
ratio between the number of people and a
particular unit of measure. The most
common of such measures is crude or
arithmetic density. To arrive at the crude
population density of a place, it is
necessary to divide the total number of
people who live there by the total land
area. The United States, for example, has
an average population density of about 84
people per square mile. New York City,
however, has a population density of
23,671 people per square mile, whereas
some parts of Alaska have population
densities of near zero people per square
mile. Therefore, crude density is a very
general measurement of population
distribution. In order to get a more
accurate picture of the population
14
densities and the significance of variance
Fertility,
Mortality, and
Migration

15
Fertility
In terms of populations rather than
individuals, fertility is usually expressed
using the proxy measure of birth rate,
either crude or standardised for age and
sex. Worldwide, there are significant
differences between birth rates. A major
study in the 1980s, carried out by the
Population Division of the Department of
International Economic and Social Affairs
of the UN Secretariat, studied the
relationship between population age and
sex distribution and crude fertility rates
for twenty one countries in the developing
world. They concludedThe higher the
birthrate the more markedly the birthrate
is depressed by the age structure. All
other things being equal, fertility should
decline more rapidly in the countries
where it is currently lowest since the age
16
structure appears to favor such a course.
Fertility
The mean number of children ever born
also ranged widely among the twenty one
countries. Differences in completed family
size range from 8.6 children in Jordan to
5.2 children in Indonesia. 1 In the
developed world, though, there is a global
tendency for family sizes on average to be
smaller than the replacement level. The
“replacement level of fertility” is the
number that causes a country’s
population to slow down and eventually
stabilize. According to the CIA World
Factbook's 2014 data the Total Fertility
Rate for women is below 2 children for
North America, Brazil, all the EU states
except France, Russia, China, and
Australasia, while women in most of sub-
Saharan Africa has between 3 and 7
children on average.
17
Mortality
The effect of mortality on population
structures is to reduce the component of
the population in which the mortality
occurs. Historically, the most dangerous
ages were infancy and old age (variously
reckoned according to circumstances). In
addition, some epidemics of infectious
diseases (e.g. Spanish 'flu) had their
highest mortality among young adults,
whose immune systems were presumably
insufficiently primed. It is expected that
the forecast bird 'flu epidemic will behave
similarly. War differentially reduces the
proportion of younger men. The majority
of infectious diseases of early childhood
have been reduced by immunisation, and
improved nutrition and hygiene have
rendered childhood safer.
18
Mortality
Antibiotics, welfare state, and
improvements in medical, surgical, and
palliative care have resulted in great
increases in life expectancy in the
developed world, where life expectancy is
now in the middle to upper 70s or lower
80s, and rising every year. The effect of
this is to raise the population in the upper
age groups substantially. Women have
higher life expectancy than men wherever
they live. The tendency of people to retire
to particular resorts means that in some
parts of the South Coast of England the
average (arithmetic mean) age of the
population is only just below retirement
age.

The down side of this is that the extended

lives are often lived in bad health, as the 19
Migration
This has been less studied. In areas where
natural disasters or politico-military
concerns lead to entire populations being
displaced the initial population structure
will be unchanged, though post-migration
the population will have altered to reflect
those who have survived the process,
typically showing increases in older
children and younger adults.

Opportunistic migration tends to occur

mostly among younger adults, and may
be permanent or temporary. Some studies
have shown increased fertility levels in
migrants, so the effect of migration on
population structure is to deplete the
population emigrated from in the young
adult groups, to augment this group in the
immigrated-to population, and to increase 20
 Country Population
China 1,389,618,778
World Population India 1,311,559,204
United States 331,883,986
(As of July 1, 2019)
Indonesia 264,935,824
World Pakistan 210,797,836

Population Brazil 210,301,591

Nigeria 208,679,114
7,610,184,021 Bangladesh 161,062,905
Russia 141,944,641
Mexico 127,318,112

Source:
https://www.census.gov/popclock/
print.php?component=counter

21
ThankYou
Announcement!!!
Sandaleeeeeeeeeeeeeeee!!!

Quiz BUKAS (YAY!!! Woohoo!!)

Coverage (simplehan na
natin):
Global Cities lang naman eh!
10 Items to!
PS: Kunin nyo sa akin yung
PowerPoint para reviewer nyo,
kayo rin sige kung ayaw nyo
ma EKIS

23