Unit 11: SOURCES OF ENERGY

E- LANGUAGE FOCUS (CONT.)

Grammar:
-Review relative clauses replaced by participles
- Replace relative clauses by to infinitives

04/25/20 03:20 PM
*RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED *RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED
BY PRESENT PARTICIPLES (V-ing) BY PAST PARTICIPLES (V-ed / V3)
1.The man who taught me English is my
1.The books which were written by To Hoai
uncle. are interesting.
The man teaching me English is my The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
uncle. Present participle Past participle
(V-ing) (V-ed / V3)
Note 1: We can replace a relative Note 2: We can replace a relative clause in passive
clause in active voice with a present voice with a past participial (V-ed/V 3) phrase.
participial (V-ing) phrase
N + who +V
N + who + V (active) (pasive)
which which
that that
N + who + V-ing N + who + V-ed/V3
which which
that
 RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY TO INFINITIVES (to-inf)

Example 1:
Yuri Gagarin was the first man. He flew into space.
to fly
 Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.

Relative clause (active)

Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space.

to infinitive
 RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY TO INFINITIVES (to-inf)

Example 2:
This is the last cake. It is sold today.
to be sold

 This is the last cake that is sold today.

Relative clause (passive)

This is the last cake to be sold today.

to be + V-ed/V3
1. Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.
 Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space.
2. This is the last cake that is sold today.
 This is the last cake to be sold today.
Note 1: We can replace a relative clause in active voice by to infinitive after
the first, the second, the third, the next, the last, the only and
adjectives in superlatives.
The first/second/……/last (N) + who/which/that + V(active)
The first/second/……/last (N) + to inf
Note 2: We can replace a relative clause in passive voice by to be + p.p
after the first, the second, the third, the next, the last, the only and
adjectives in superlatives.
The first/second/……/last (N) + who/which/that + V(passive)

The first/second/……/last (N) + to be + p.p

Exercise 1:Rewrite the sentences, using an infinitive
phrase (page 132)
1. John was the last man who reached the top of
the mountain.
2. The last person who leaves the room must turn
off the light.
3. The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith.
4. This is the second person who was killed in that
way.
5. The first person who catches the ball will be the
winner.
 1. John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain.
 John was the last man to reach the top of the mountain.
2. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light.
 The last person to leave the room must turn off the light.
3. The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith.
The first person for us to see is Mr. Smith.
4. This is the second person who was killed in that way.

This is the second person to be killed in that way.
5. The first person who catches the ball will be the winner.

The first person to catch the ball will be the winner.
Exercise 2: In each sentence choose the best option which can
suitably replace the underlined relative clause.
1.Who’s the girl that is waiting outside?
A. to wait B. waiting C. waited
2. Don’t let me be the last who knows your decision.
A. to know B. knowing C. known
3. The man who was caught by the police last night was a notorious criminal.
A. to catch B. catching C. caught
4. The man who saved me from the lake was very brave.
A. to save B. saving C. saved
5. Hamlet is a tragedy which was written by Shakespeare.
A. to write B. written C. writing
6. The next train which leaves the station is to London.
Exercise 3: Choose the underlined part (A,B,C or D) that needsb
correcting. speaking
1. The man to speak to me is John’s brother.
A B C to be killed D
2. He is the second person be killed in that way.
A B C D
3.They work in a hospital sponsoring by the government.
A B sponsored C D
4. Hanoi, that is the capital of our country, is a city of peace.
whichA B C D
5. Henry VIII was the only king of England marrying six wives.
A B C
to marry D
Exercise 4: Replace the to-infinitive phrases by Relative clauses.

1. The last student to be interviewed was John.

 The last student who was interviewed was John.
2. I was the only person to see the difficulty.
 I was the only person who saw the difficulty.

3. He was the third man to leave the burning building.

 He was the third man who left the burning building.
 Homework
Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using Relative clauses.
1. The first man to set foot on the Moon was Neil Armstrong.
2. The fifth man to be interviewed was completely unsuitable.
3. I like the present given by Peter.
4. The children to attend that school receive a good education.
5. Sunlight coming through the window wakes me up early in the morning.
Exercise 2: Reduce these sentences by using participles or to infinitives
1. Have you read the book that was written by Nguyen Du?
2. The road which connects Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city is called Number 1.
3. This is the second novel which was written by this famous writer.
4. The man who sat next to me on the train looked gentle.
5. The steam engine which was invented by James Watt opened a new period in human
development history.
Thank you for your
attendance!