Magnetism

The Phenomenon of attracting magnetic substances like iron, nickel,

cobalt, etc.
• A body possessing the property of magnetism is called a magnet.
• A magnetic pole is a point near the end of the magnet where
magnetism is concentrated.
• Earth is a natural magnet.
• The region where the magnetic forces act is called the
“magnetic field”.
Magnet Field: Cause
Moving charges produce magnetic fields.
ORIGIN OF MAGNETISM IN MATERIALS
A moving electric charge, macroscopically or“microscopically” is responsible for Magnetism.

Nuclear spin Weak effect

Unpaired electrons required

Origin of Magnetism Spin of electrons for net Magnetic Moment
(Magnetic Moment resultant from the spin of a single unpaired → Bohr Magneton =9.273 x 10-24A/m2

Orbital motion of electrons

 
Mag n etic M a t e ri a l s
 

• Magnetic Materials are those materials in which a state of magnetization can be induced.
 
• Such materials when magnetized create a magnetic field in the surrounding space.

Classification
 Diamagnetic

 Paramagnetic
 Ferromagnetic
 Diamagnetism
•It is a substance which create a magnetic field in opposite to an externally
applied field.
•Susceptibility is negative.
•These have relative e permeability slightly less than unity.
•They repel the lines of force slightly.
•The examples are bismuth silver, copper and hydrogen.
Paramagnetism

•It is a substance or body which very weakly attracted by the poles of a magnet, but not retaining any
permanent magnetism.
•These have relative permeability slightly greater than unity and are magnetized slightly.
•They attract the lines of forces weakly.

Al, Pt, Ca, O2 are such materials.

 Ferromagnetic
• A type of material that is highly attracted to magnets and can become permanently
magnetized is called as ferromagnetic.
 
• The relative permeability is much greater than unity and are dependent on the field
strength.
 
• These have high susceptibility.

• Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn are such materials.

Type of Magnetism Susceptibility Atomic/Magnetic Behaviour Example
Diamagnetism Small & negative Atoms have no Au, Cu
magnetic moment

Paramagnetism Small & poitive Atoms have Pt, Mn

randomly oriented
magnetic moments
Ferromagnetism Large & positive, Atoms have Fe
function of parallel aligned
applied field,
microstructur e magnetic moments
dependent
Antiferromagnetism Small & positive
Cr

Ferrimagnetism Large & positive, function

of applied field,
microstructure dependent
Large & positive, function
of applied field,
microstructur e
dependent
Magnetic and Magnetism Important terms definition and formulas
Magnetic field or Magnetic Induction (B)
Magnet or Electromagnet produces a Magnetic field. The field where the magnet attracts or repels magnetic materials such as
iron, steel, etc. it may be defined as a force on a moving charge,
F=q x v x B
Where
     F= Force,
     V = Speed of Particles,
     B = magnitude of the field.
Good to Know:
It is a vector quantity and The SI Unit of magnetic Field is Tesla where, 1 Tesla = (Newton x second) / (coulomb x meter) 10,000
Gauss. The Formula for the magnetic field in SI is B = µ ○ (H+M) and in CGS is B = H+4π M.
A wire carrying a DC current or permanent magnet produces magnetostatic (Stationery) field and its magnitude and direction
remain same. While Alternating current or Pulsating DC current carrying conductor creates alternating magnetic field which
continuously change their direction and magnitude.

Magnetic Field Strength (H)

The amount of magnetizing force (how much force it has to magnetize, magnetic materials such as iron, steel, etc) is called
Magnetic field strength which is denoted by (H). It is inversely proportional to the length of wire and directly proportional to the
current passing through it. The SI unit of Magnetic Field Strength is Ampere/meter (A/m) and it is a vector quantity and the SI
formula for Magnetic Field strength is
H=NI/1c
Where 1c = magnetic path in meter.
Magnetization (M)
The state of a material being magnetized or the process in which magnetic materials are magnetized. It is the density of
permanent magnet or electromagnet dipole moments in magnetic materials. Or the magnetic moment (m) per unit volume (v)
by a magnetic field is called Magnetization. The SI Unit of Magnetization is Ampere/meter (A/m) and it is also a vector quantity.
The SI formula for Magnetization is
M=m/V
  Where,
     m = Total magnetic moment
     And V= volume in m3.
The CGS unit and formula of Magnetization is Emu/cm3 and M=m/V respectively, where, m=Total magnetic moment, V= volume
in cm3 and EMU= Electromagnetic units. It may also be defined in term of M= (N/V) x m → M= nm ……. (N/V) = n. Where, “m” is
the magnetic moment and “n” is the number density of magnetic moments.
Magnetic Permeability of vacuum (µ○)
In funny words, Perm = Permission and ability is the feature or skill to do something. I.e. permeability (µ) it is the ability of a
material that how does it easily magnetize?
Magnetic Permeability of vacuum is the amount of resistance encountered to the magnetic field when forming in a vacuum.
The SI unit of Permeability is (H·m−1), or Newton per ampere squared (N·A−2). The SI unit and formulas of Magnetic Permeability
of vacuum is Newton/Ampere2 and µ○=4πx10-7 ≈ 1.2566370614 H·m−1 respectively. The CGS unit of magnetic permeability of
vacuum is 1.
Good to know: The opposition of magnetic permeability is Magnetic Reluctivity.
Good to Know: Famous magnetic relation is B = µH where µ is permeability which is a scalar quantity, B is the magnetic field
and H is magnetizing force or Magnetic Field Strength.
Magnetic Flux (Φ)
In simple words, Magnetic field x area perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) is called
Magnetic Flux which is denoted by Φ or Φm or ΦB. Or it is the amount of magnetic field
or magnetic lines of force passing through a surface like conducting area, space, air, etc.
The SI Unit of magnetic flux is Wb (Weber). The Formula for finding magnetic flux in the
SI system is;
Φ=BAc
Where
Ac=area in m2
And CGS unit and formula for Magnetic Flux is Maxwell (M) and Φ=BAc Ac=area in cm 2
respectively.
 Types of Magnetic Core Materials for Transformers
The electrical power transformer features primary, secondary, and tertiary windings. The transformer is driven by the flux between the windings.
Magnetic cores are used in transformers, which serve as the pathway of the flux. The core can be made from various materials, this post discusses
some of them.
Materials Used for Building Magnetic Cores in Transformers
The magnetic core is basically a material with magnetic permeability, which helps confine magnetic fields in transformers. The following are the
types of materials used for producing magnetic cores for the transformers:
Amorphous Steel: This is one of the popular options for creating magnetic cores in transformers. These cores are made from several paper-thin
metallic tapes, which help reduce the flow of eddy currents. Amorphous steel cores have fewer losses than other magnetic cores, and can easily
operate at high temperatures than standard lamination stacks. The amorphous steel cores are most commonly used in high efficiency
transformers that operate at medium frequencies.
Solid Iron Core: These cores provide magnetic flux, and helps retain high magnetic fields without iron saturation. The cores are not recommended
for transformers operating at AC applications because large eddy currents are produced by the magnetic field. These eddy currents produce heat
at high frequencies.
Amorphous Metals: Also known as vitreous metals, these metals are glassy or non-crystalline. These metals are used for creating high-
performance transformers. The materials have low conductivity, which helps reduce eddy currents.
Ferrite Ceramics: Ferrite ceramics are a class of ceramic compounds made from iron oxide, and one or multiple metallic elements. The magnetic
cores made from ferrite ceramics are used in high-frequency applications. The ceramic materials are produced in different specifications to meet
diverse electrical requirements. These ceramic materials serve as efficient insulators, and help decrease eddy currents.
Laminated Magnetic Cores: These cores feature thin iron sheets covered with an insulating layer. These insulators prevent eddy currents, and
confine them to narrow loops within each single lamination layer. The thinner lamination minimizes eddy current effects.
Carbonyl Iron Cores: These magnetic cores are made from powdered carbonyl iron, and provide stable service across a wide range of magnetic
flux and temperature levels. The carbonyl iron powder cores feature small iron spheres coated with a thin insulating layer. These cores help
reduce the effects of eddy currents at high temperatures.
Silicon Steel: Silicon steel has high electrical resistivity. The silicon steel core provides stable performance over the years. Silicon steel offers high
saturation flux density. A few years ago, characteristics of silicon steel was altered with chemical changes, and today, the new product is known as
AISI type M6. The M6 steel has high permeability and low losses, and it is used in high-performance applications.
 Magneto-optical recording
MO or magneto-optical recording is a method of storing and retrieving data using a laser and a magnet. The drive laser heats
the magnetic surface to a high enough temperature to allow the polarization of the disk to be modified with a magnet for more
precisely written data. When data needs to be read from the disk a laser of less intensity is used.

The principle of magnetic recording and

reproduction.
- Magnetic recording is storage of sound pressure variation in the
form of elementary magnets, whose length and strength depend
on audio signals.
It works on the principal of presence and absence of magnetic
moment of magnetic dipoles. I.e. spin of Paramagnetic,
Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic or Antiferromagnetic.
The audio current magnetize the iron oxide tape and in
accordance with the sound pressure variations.
Hence we can conclude sound is recorded in form of varying
magnetic field.

Reproduction of the recorded sound is done when the tape is

made to pass through the variation it cause change in magnetic
field of lines through the coil which is accordance with the rate of
change of magnetic flux of the iron oxide tape.
APPLICATIONS

Magnetic Storage
Magnetic storage or magnetic recording is the storage of data on a magnetised medium.
Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetisation in a magnetisable material to store data and is a form of non-
volatile memory.
The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads

Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is a large capacity, serial access medium.
2.)Tapes are used where large amounts of data need to be stored, but where quick access to individual files is not
required.
3.)A typical use is for data back-up (lots of data, but rarely only accessed in an emergency).

Fixed Hard Drives

Fixed hard-drives act as the main backing storage device for almost all computers since they provide almost instant access to
files (random access and high access speeds).
Some helpful links for magnetism:
https://youtu.be/QPKTnGmIcrU magnetic recording and reproduction in hindi (2.5 min)
https://youtu.be/NtPc0jI21i0 how hard disk works, extra information (6 min)
https://youtu.be/f3BNHhfTsvk magneto optical recording (4 min)
https://youtu.be/PBw7wjrHa0A classification 2 min
https://youtu.be/wDyKF4ioxyI classification, hindi, 16 min
https://youtu.be/NztZRQ4rT5Q
https://youtu.be/7TaK13jyzU4 hindi 12 min
https://youtu.be/zY5WUJkLMBg hindi origin of magnetism, 3 min
https://youtu.be/yiXgYg17N0o Types of magnetism, 3min
 Assignment II
Please complete the assignment on a sheet of paper/notebook, scan it and mail it to mridulachandola@gmail.com, by 30-03-2020. Please
consider each question to be worth 6 marks and provide information accordingly.

For class SNo 1 to 15

1. What are magnetic material? Classify them.
2. State any two applications of magnetic materials.

For class SNo 16 to 30

3. Explain magneto optical recording.
4. What are magnetic material? Give the types of magnetic materials.

For class Sno 31 to 45

5. Explain the principle of magnetic recording and reproduction.
2. Explain:
(i) Magnetic susceptibility
(ii) Magnetic permeability
(iii) Relation between µ and χ

For class SNo 46 to 63

1. Explain:
(i) Magnetic field strength
(ii) Magnetic induction
(iii) Intensity of magnetisation
2. Write about various materials that can be used to produce magnetic cores of transformers.