KEY CONCEPTS IN

DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
ENGR. CRISTIAN S. LAZANA, ECE
LESSON 1: OUTLINE OF TOPICS

• Components of a Data Communications

System
• Networks
• Network Models
COMPONENTS OF A DATA
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Protocol Protocol

Medium
Sender Receiver
PROTOCOL

A protocol defines a communication service

that it exports locally (service interface),
along with a set of rules governing the
messages that the protocol exchanges with
its peers to implement this service (peer
interface)
PROTOCOL SERVES AS…

• It refers to either the abstract interfaces or the module that

implements the two interfaces
• Protocol defines specifications, which are generally expressed
using a combination of prose, pseudocode, state transition
diagram, pictures of packet formats, etc.
• Protocols can be implemented in many different ways as long as
programmers adheres to the specification.
• Two or more protocol modules that accurately implement a
protocol specification are said to be interoperate with each other
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DATA
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
• Delivery - The system must deliver data to the
correct destination
• Accuracy - The system must deliver the data
accurately
• Timeliness - The system must deliver data in a
timely manner
• Jitter - It refers to the variation in the packet
arrival time
BASIC CONCEPTS IN
NETWORKS
TOPIC OUTLINE

• Network Criteria
• Line Configuration
• Topology
• Transmission Mode
• Categories of Networks
• Internetworks
 Data
Communications
Network Criteria

Performa
Reliability Security
nce
 Throughput
 Delay
 Line
Configurati
on

Point-to-
Multipoint
point
EXAMPLE 1: POINT-TO-POINT
LINE CONFIGURATION
EXAMPLE 2: POINT-TO-POINT
EXAMPLE 3: POINT-TO-POINT
(WIRELESS)
MULTIPOINT CONFIGURATION
 Network
Topologies

Mesh Star Tree Bus Ring

MESH TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
TREE TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
 Transmission
Modes

Half Full
Simplex
Duplex Duplex
SIMPLEX
HALF DUPLEX
FULL DUPLEX
CATEGORIES OF NETWORK

WAN

MAN

LAN
PAN
 THE INTERNET

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

THE NETWORK MODELS
LAYERING

• Introduction of a level of abstraction to define a

unifying model that can capture some important
aspects of the system, while simultaneously hides
the complexity of the network.
• Layering decomposes the problem of building a
network into a more manageable components.
• It provides a more modular design
THE OSI MODEL

• The model
• Functions of the Seven Layers
THE SEVEN LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS OF
THE 7 LAYERS
PROTOCOL INTERFACES

Service Interface
• Defines the operations that local objects can perform
on the protocol
Peer Interface
• Defines the form and meaning of messages being
exchanged between protocol peers to implement the
communications service
• It determines the way in which a request/reply
protocol on one machine communicates with its peer
on another machine
THE PHYSICAL LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF THE PHYSICAL
LAYER
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
• Representation of bits (Encoding)
• Data rate
• Synchronization Bits
• Line Configuration
• Physical Topology
• Transmission Mode
THE DATA LINK LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF THE DATA LINK
LAYER

• Framing
• Physical Addressing
• Flow Control
• Error Control
• Access Control
Data Link Layer Example
THE NETWORK LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF THE NETWORK
LAYER

• Logical Addressing
• Routing
Network Layer Example
THE TRANSPORT LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF THE
TRANSPORT LAYER

• Service-point addressing
• Segmentation and Reassembly
• Connection Control
• Flow Control
• Error Control
Transport Layer Example
THE SESSION LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF THE SESSION
LAYER

• Dialog Control
• Synchronization
THE PRESENTATION LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF THE
PRESENTATION LAYER

• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression
THE APPLICATION LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF THE APPLICATION
LAYER

• Network Access Terminal

• File Transfer, Access and Management
• Mail Services
• Directory Services
SUMMARY OF LAYER
FUNCTIONS
THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
THE 5 LAYERS OF TCP/IP

Application
Application Layer
Layer

Transport
Transport Layer
Layer

Network
Network Layer
Layer

Data
Data Link
Link Layer
Layer

Media
Media Access
Access // Physical
Physical
Layer
Layer
MEDIA ACCESS OR PHYSICAL
LAYER

• It provides mechanisms for client and server nodes

on a network to interface to the transmission
media, generally through network interface cards.
DATA LINK LAYER

• Data Link Protocols specify the control characters and lowest

level mechanisms for transmitting packets of data in successive
small segments called frames between nodes.
• The data link layer does not know the sender or receiver of this
information, nor the applications that are exchanging information
in this way.
• This layer is solely concerned with getting packet as a whole from
node A to node B, where it will be reassembled and potentially
forwarded again and again until it reaches the destination node.
NETWORK LAYER

• Network Protocols provides the means by which

pockets of data are routed through the network
from sender to receiver.
• The network layer is concerned with the path that a
packet takes through the network, but is not
concerned with information content nor reliable
reassembly of complete application messages at
the destination node.
TRANSPORT LAYER

• Transport Protocols assume responsibility for

delivering a potentially large message from the
sending application on one network node to the
receiving application on a destination node.
• Different transport protocols offer trade-offs
between quality of service and efficiency.
APPLICATION LAYER

• Application Protocols form the working toolset for

network users and the applications that are written
to support them.
• Service applications in effect extend the operating
system and network functionality for user
applications by providing timing, administration,
and file management capabilities across the
network.
 Application Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer

Session Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Media Access / Physical Media Access / Physical
Layer Layer

OSI Model TCP/ IP Protocol Stack

CLIENT/SERVER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE
TCP/IP NETWORKS
The higher Application Layer
layers are
clients to Transport Layer
the layer
beneath it.
Network Layer

Data Link Layer The lower

layers are
Media Access/ servers to
Physical Layer the higher
layers.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNET
SHORT HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET…
• In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S.
Department of Defense has developed the ARPANET.
• It was the first operational packet-switching network and first
operated in four locations. Then the same packet-switching
technology was adopted by tactical radio communications (packet
radio) and the satellite communication (SATNET).
• However, these three networks were operating on different
communication environments, such as the packet sizes for each of
the three networks.
• In response, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn of ARPA started to develop
methods and protocols to allow interconnections between
arbitrary, multiple packet-switched networks.
SHORT HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET (CONT...)
• In May 1974, they published a paper that outlining an approach
to a Transmission Control Protocol. It was later on been refined
by the ARPANET community and eventually became the TCP/IP
protocol suite.
• The DOD then sponsored the implementation of the ARPANET
protocols and the TCP and IP on the Berkeley version of UNIX
installed on Digital Equipment Corporation’s VAX minicomputers.
• This led to a system that is open for use beyond the research
community and to the wider public. Thus born the Internet.
THE TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT

Development
Advancement of new
in
Traffic Growth
Services
Technology
TRAFFIC GROWTH

• Automation in offices, online transactions and other

productivity measures contribute to the ever
increasing traffic in the local networks as well as in
the Internet.
• Thus the network managers are always looking for
ways to maximize the capacity of the network and
minimize transmission cost.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
SERVICES

• On the other hand, as the businesses rely more on

information technology, the range of services is
said to have expanded.
• This in turn increases the need for high-capacity
networking and transmission facilities.
ADVANCEMENT IN
TECHNOLOGY
• Lastly, the trends in technological advancements enabled
provisions for increasing traffic capacity and for
supporting a wide range of services. There are currently
four notable technological trends:
• Faster and more powerful computing and communication devices.
• More intelligent networks
• Increasing IP-based business-related applications
• The increasing trend and need for mobility.