Concepts - 1

The FASB’s Conceptual Framework

of Accounting
Conceptual
Conceptual Framework
Framework For
For
Financial
Financial Accounting
Accounting

Second Level: Third Level:

Conceptual First Level:
Fundamental Recognition and
Framework Basic Objectives
Concepts Measurement

Need Qualitative Basic assumptions

characteristics
Development Basic principles
Basic elements
Overview Constraints
Summary of the
structure
Menurut FASB
 Kerangka kerja konseptual (conceptual
framework) adalah suatu sistem koheren
yang terdiri dari tujuan dan konsep
fundamental yang saling berhubungan,
yang menjadi landasan bagi penetapan
standar yang konsisten dan penentuan
sifat, fungsi, serta batas- batas dari
akuntansi keuangan dan laporan
keuangan.
 Concepts - 4

The FASB’s Conceptual Framework

 To develop a coherent set of

standards and rules.
 To solve new and emerging practical
problems.

 Establish amount of information

 Format
 Assumptions, principles, constraints
Development of Conceptual Framework

The FASB has issued seven Statements of Financial

Accounting Concepts (SFAC) for business enterprises.

SFAC No.1 - Objectives of Financial Reporting.

SFAC No.2 - Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information.
SFAC No.3 - Elements of Financial Statements.
SFAC No.5 - Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements.
SFAC No.6 - Elements of Financial Statements (replaces SFAC No. 3).
SFAC No.7 - Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in
Accounting Measurements.
SFAC No.8 - The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting and
Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information
(replaces SFAC No. 1 and No. 2)
 Conceptual Framework

Overview of the Conceptual Framework

 First Level = Basic Objectives

 Second Level = Qualitative

Characteristics and Elements
 Third Level = Recognition,
Measurement, and Disclosure
Concepts.
Illustration 2-7
Conceptual Framework for
Financial Reporting
 First Level: Basic Objectives

Objective of general-purpose financial reporting is:

To provide financial information about the reporting entity
that is useful to present and potential equity investors,
lenders, and other creditors in making decisions
about providing resources to the entity.
 TUJUAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN

Menyediakan informasi yang berguna

untuk pengambilan keputusan investasi
dan kredit.

Menyediakan informasi yang berguna

untuk memprediksi jumlah, waktu, dan
ketidakpastian arus kas masa depan
perusahaan.

Menyediakan informasi tentang sumber

daya ekonomi, klaim terhadap sumber
daya tersebut, dan perubahan terhadap
keduanya.
 Concepts - 10

“Objectives of Financial Reporting by

Business Enterprises”

 Target audience . . .
– External users of financial information

– Have a reasonable understanding of

business and economic activities and are
willing to study the information
 Second Level: Fundamental Concepts

Qualitative Characteristics
“The FASB identified the Qualitative Characteristics of
accounting information that distinguish better (more useful)
information from inferior (less useful) information for
decision-making purposes.”
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Illustration 2-2
Hierarchy of
Accounting Qualities
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

To be relevant, accounting information must be capable of

making a difference in a decision.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

Financial information has predictive value if it has value as an

input to predictive processes used by investors to form their own
expectations about the future.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

Relevant information also helps users confirm or correct prior

expectations.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could

influence decisions that users make on the basis of the reported
financial information.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

Faithful representation means that the numbers and

descriptions match what really existed or happened.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

Completeness means that all the information that is necessary

for faithful representation is provided.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

Neutrality means that a company cannot select information to

favor one set of interested parties over another.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

An information item that is free from error will be a more

accurate (faithful) representation of a financial item.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Information that is measured and reported in a similar manner for

different companies is considered comparable.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Verifiability occurs when independent measurers, using the

same methods, obtain similar results.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Timeliness means having information available to decision-

makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions.
Second Level: Qualitative Characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Understandability is the quality of information that lets

reasonably informed users see its significance.
 Second Level: Basic Elements

Concepts Statement No. 6 defines ten interrelated

elements that relate to measuring the performance and
financial status of a business enterprise.

“Moment in Time” “Period of Time”

 Assets  Investment by owners
 Liabilities  Distribution to owners
 Equity  Comprehensive income
 Revenue
 Expenses
 Gains
 Losses
 Definisi Aktiva
 Pandangan Aktiva / Kewajiban
 Menurut pandangan ini, aktiva adalah sumber daya ekonomi
dari sebuah perusahaan; mereka mencerminkan
keuntungan di masa depan yang diharapkan menimbulkan 
arus kas masuk bersih secara langsung maupun tidak
langsung Sumber daya
produktif
perusahaan Hak-hak
Klaim untuk
kontraktual untuk
menerima
sumber daya
uang produktif
Sumbe

v
r Daya
Pandangan Ekono Kepemilikan
mi : saham di
Pendapatan/ perusahaan lain
Beban

Produk Uang
 1) Menggambarkan potensi arus
kas yang akan diterima
2) Keuntungan potensial yang
Karakteristi diperoleh perusahaan
3) Konsep legal dari harta
k Umum
kekayaan (properti) dapat
Aktiva mempengaruhi definisi akuntansi
atas aktiva.
4) Dapat diperoleh di masa lalu
atau dari transaksi atau peristiwa
saat ini.
5) Dapat dipertukarkan.
 
 Kewajiban
Pandangan Aktiva /
Kewajiban
Kewajib Pandangan Pendapatan /
an Beban
Pandangan Yang Timbul
Dari Persepsi Neraca

Pengorbanan Sumber Daya

Ekonomi Di Masa Depan
Mencerminkan Tanggung
Karakteristik Jawab bagi satu
Umum perusahaan tertentu
Kewajiban dapat dibatasi
Kewajiban
hanya berupa utang-utang
sah (legal)
Kewajiban terjadi dari
transaksi atau peristiwa
masa lalu atau yang
terjadi saaat ini
 Third Level: Basic Assumptions

Economic Entity – company keeps its activity separate from

its owners and other businesses.

Going Concern - company to last long enough to fulfill

objectives and commitments.

Monetary Unit - money is the common denominator.

Periodicity - company can divide its economic activities into

time periods.
 Third Level: Basic Principles

Measurement Principle – The most commonly used

measurements are based on historical cost and fair value.
Issues:
 Historical cost provides a reliable benchmark for
measuring historical trends.
 Fair value information may be more useful.
 Recently the FASB has taken the step of giving
companies the option to use fair value as the basis for
measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities.
 Reporting of fair value information is increasing.
 Third Level: Basic Principles

Revenue Recognition - generally occurs (1) when realized

or realizable and (2) when earned.
Exceptions: Illustration 2-5
Timing of Revenue Recognition
 Third Level: Basic Principles

Expense Recognition - “Let the expense follow the

revenues.”
Illustration 2-6
Expense Recognition
 Third Level: Basic Principles

Full Disclosure – providing information that is of sufficient

importance to influence the judgment and decisions of an
informed user.

Provided through:
 Financial Statements
 Notes to the Financial Statements
 Supplementary information
 Third Level: Constraints

Cost Constraint – cost of providing information must be

weighed against the benefits that can be derived from using it.

Industry Practice - the peculiar nature of some industries

and business concerns sometimes requires departure from
basic accounting theory.
 Concepts - 35

DOUBLE-ENTRY
ACCOUNTING MODEL

A = L + OE
(Assets) (Liabilities) (Owners’ Equity)
 Concepts - 36

BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION

[Corporation]

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

Contributed Retained
(Paid-in)
Earnings
Capital
Par Excess
Value Over
Par
Net Income (+)
Net loss (-) Dividends (-)
Declared

Revenues & Gains (+) Expenses & Losses (-)

 Concepts - 37

End of Discussion of Concepts