Chapter Four

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

4.1 Introduction
 When two loops with or without contacts between them affect
each other through the magnetic field generated by one of them,
they are said to be magnetically coupled.
 The transformer is an electrical device designed on the basis of the

concept of magnetic coupling. It uses magnetically coupled coils to

transfer energy from one circuit to another.
4.2 Mutual Inductance
 When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each

other, the magnetic flux caused by current in one coil links with
the other coil, thereby inducing voltage in the latter. This
phenomenon is known as mutual inductance.
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 
   us first consider a single inductor, a coil with N turns. When current i flows
Let
through the coil, a magnetic flux φ is produced around it (Fig. below)
 According to Faraday’s law,

where = the magnetic flux.

But the flux φ is produced by current i so that any change in φ is caused by a
change in the current. That implies

OR

Where
This inductance is commonly called self-inductance, because it relates the voltage
induced in a coil by a time-varying current in the same coil.
 Now consider two coils with self-inductances L1 and L2 that are in close

proximity with each other (Figure). Coil 1 has N1 turns, while coil 2 has N2
turns. For the sake of simplicity, assume that the second inductor carries no
current.

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Conti…
 The magnetic flux φ1 emanating from coil 1 has two components: one
component φ11 links only coil 1, and another component φ12 links both
coils. Hence, φ1 = φ11 + φ12
 Although the two coils are physically separated, they are said to be
magnetically coupled. Since the entire flux φ1 links coil 1, the voltage
induced in coil 1 is

Again, as the fluxes are caused by Figure:

the current i flowing in coil 1:
1

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
   v2 becomes
Also

 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1.

 Suppose we now let current flow in coil 2, while coil 1 carries no current (Figure).
The magnetic flux emanating from coil 2 comprises flux that links only coil 2 and
flux that links both coils. Hence, = +
 The entire flux links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is

 Where is the self-inductance of coil 2. Since only flux

links coil 1, the voltage induced in coil 1 is

 Where
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
  
Thus, the open-circuit mutual voltage across coil 1 is
 Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).
 Although mutual inductance M is always a positive quantity, the mutual
voltage M may be negative or positive, just like the self induced voltage L
di/dt. The polarity of mutual voltage M di/dt is not easy to determine,
because four terminals are involved. And we can use the dot convention
which states:
 If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of
the mutual voltage in the second coil is positive at the dotted terminal of the
second coil.
 Alternatively,
 If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the
mutual voltage in the second coil is negative at the dotted terminal of the
second coil.

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Series-Aiding Connection of Two coils

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Series-Opposing Connection of Two coils

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As the first example, consider the circuit in first figure.

Applying KVL to coil 1 gives:

For coil 2, KVL gives:

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  We can write the above equations in the frequency domain as

As a second example, consider the circuit in the second figure, We analyze this in
the frequency domain. Applying KVL to coil 1, we get
V = (Z1 + jωL1)I1 − jωMI2
For coil 2, KVL yields
0 = −jωMI1 + (ZL + jωL2)I2

The above Equations are solved in the usual manner to determine the currents.
Example:
Linear Transformers
 A transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or more)

magnetically coupled coils. figure: A linear transformer.

 As shown in Fig. above the coil that is directly connected to the voltage source is
called the primary winding.
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 
   coil connected to the load is called the secondary winding. The
The
resistances are included to account for the losses (power dissipation) in the
coils. The transformer is said to be linear if the coils are wound on a
magnetically linear material—a material for which the magnetic permeability
is constant. Linear transformers are sometimes called air-core transformers.
They are used in radio and TV sets. We would like to obtain the input
impedance as seen from the source, because it governs the behavior of the
primary circuit. Applying KVL to the two meshes

In the second Eq. we express in terms of and substitute it into first Eq. We get the
input impedance as
The first term, is the primary impedance. The second term is due to the coupling
between the primary and secondary windings. It is as though this impedance is
reflected to the primary. Thus, it is known as the reflected impedance and

 It is sometimes convenient to replace a magnetically coupled circuit by an

equivalent circuit with no magnetic coupling.
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  We want to replace the linear transformer in Fig. below by an equivalent T or Π
circuit, a circuit that would have no mutual inductance.

 ---------------------(1)

figure: An equivalent T circuit

------------------------------------------(2)

Our goal is to match Eqs. (1) and (2) with the corresponding equations for the T
network. From equivalent of the two circuits Eqs.(1) & (2) must be identical.
Comparing terms:
We get

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Energy in a Coupled Circuit

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…Energy in a Coupled Circuit Conti…

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    Ideal Transformers
 An ideal transformer is one with perfect coupling (k = 1)
 The coupling coefficient k is a measure of the magnetic coupling between two coils
0
 It consists of two (or more) coils with a large number of turns wrapped on a common
core of high permeability.
 The ideal transformer is the limiting case of two coupled inductors where the
inductances approach infinity and the coupling is perfect.

1. Coils have very large reactance. (L1, L2, M ~ ∞)

2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity. (k = 1)
3. Primary and secondary are lossless.
(series resistances R1= R2= 0)

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Conti…

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 Types of Transformers

 When n = 1, we generally call the transformer an isolation transformer.

 If n > 1 , we have a step-up transformer (V2 > V1).
 If n < 1 , we have a step-down transformer (V2 < V1).

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 A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its
primary voltage.
 A step-up transformer is one whose secondary voltage is greater than
its primary voltage.

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