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Hypothesis Testing • One (single) sample T-test

Pius NP., Ed.D

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Characteristics of One Sample T-Test

• A one-sample t-test is used to test whether a population mean is

significantly different from some hypothesized value.
• A one sample test of means compares the mean of a sample to a pre-
specified value and tests for a deviation from that value.
• Assumptions:
– variable must be continuous (interval/ratio).
– variable should be approximately normally distributed.
– variable should not contain any outliers.

Notes: An outlier is a data value which is too extreme to belong in the distribution of interest.
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Hypothetical mean score

• Hypothetical value is also often called theoretical value.

• The hypothetical value is the population mean or some other
theoretically derived value.
• In most cases, the hypothetical value comes from theory.
• The hypothetical value can also come from previous data.
• Example 1: the mean normal human temperature is 37°C as
described in theory.
• Example 2: the normal sleep time of good health is between 7 – 9
hours for adults
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Standard value

• A standard is a level of quality or achievement, especially a level

that is thought to be acceptable.
• Values that have been determined by societies, expert, authority,
eligible institutions, etc.
• Example 1: The passing grade of TOEFL for Indonesian graduate
students is 450
• Example 2: Grade A is that when you get the 80% of the test score.
• Example 3: A score over 160 is considered a genius IQ.
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Examples of research questions

• What is the attitude of the students in SMA Sang Timur

Yogyakarta on the use of video for improving listening skills?
• Do PBI students study the recommended number of hours
per week (2 – 3 hours per credit)?
• Do the graduates of PBI have higher TOEFL score than the
required score of Indonesian magister program (450)?
• What is the vocabulary mastery of new students entering
PBI Sanata Dharma?
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Examples of hypothesis

• The students in SMA Sang Timur Yogyakarta have very positive

attitude on the use of video for improving listening skills.
• Full-time students study the recommended number of hours per
week (2 – 3 hours per credit)
• Do the graduates of PBI have higher TOEFL score than the
required score of Indonesian magister program (450)
• The vocabulary mastery of new students entering PBI Sanata
Dharma is high.
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One sample T-test procedure

1. Generate the null hypothesis (statistical hypothesis is crucial)

2. Collect the data
3. Perform descriptive statistics analysis
– here you can see if the mean score is higher or lower than the pre-determined
value but not yet able to make the inferential conclusion
4. Perform the one sample T-test
5. Find the p value and determine the condition of the p value (Is the p value
lower than the standard alpha .05?)
6. Generate the significance conclusion
7. Construct the hypothesis test conclusion.
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Illustration of the analysis

•   Do the graduates of PBI have higher TOEFL score than the

RQ:
required score of Indonesian magister program (450)?
H0: The graduates of PBI do not have higher TOEFL that the required
score of Indonesian magister program.
(H0 : )
HA: The graduates of PBI have higher TOEFL score than the required
score of Indonesian magister program.
(HA : )
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Illustration of the analysis

Data collected from the TOEFL score of the students

400 435 470 525 No
1
Score
400 - 415
f
2
%
5%
Com %
5%
478
400 457 470 525 2 416 - 431 3 8% 14% SD 41,62
420 457 485 525 3 432 - 447 4 11% 24% n 37
4 448 - 463 4 11% 35%
515 457 487 550 5 464 - 479 6 16% 51%
6 480 - 495 5 14% 65%
420 530 480 540 7 496 - 511 4 11% 76%
420 460 480 550 8 512 - 527 4 11% 86%
9 528 - 543 3 8% 95%
435 473 480 535 10 544 - 559 2 5% 100%
435 510 500 37 100%

435 470 500

475 470 500

 
From the descriptive statistics: is higher than the hypothetical mean score (450). But,
we cannot claim that it is significant yet until we do a hypothesis test.
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One sample T-test in SPSS

3. Select one sample T Test

4. Put the data in

the test variable

2. Click Analyze 5. Type the

hypothetical
menu
value

1. Input 6. Click OK
the data
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One sample T Test in SPSS

p < .05

From
  the SPSS one sample T-test result we can see that the p value is smaller than .05
(p < .05). We can claim that the difference between the mean of PBI students’ TOEFL
score (= 478) and the required TOEFL score in Indonesian magister program (450) is
significant. We have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
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One sample T-test in EXCEL

1. Input the 2. In the Data menu, click Data

data. Since Excel Analysis (you need to activate
doesn’t have the Data Tool Pack)
one sample T-
test, type the
hypothetical
value as the
second data
3. Choose t-Test: Two-
Sample Assuming Unequal
Variance and press OK.
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One sample T-test in Excel

1. Put the score data

2. Put the hypothetical value data
3. Make sure the Alpha is 0.05
4. Put the position of the test result

 From the Excel T-test result we can see

that the p value is smaller than .05 (p < .
05). We can claim that the difference P < .05
between the mean of students’ TOEFL
We use one-
score (= 478) and the required TOEFL
score in Indonesian magister program tail because
(450) is significant. We have enough it is
evidence to reject the null hypothesis. directional
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Sample of statistical conclusion

From the statistical calculation in SPSS, it was found that the

T value of the difference between the TOEFL score of PBI
graduate (x=478) and the required TOEFL score in
Indonesian magister program (x=450) is 4.052 (df=36, p < .
05). The p-value of the difference was significant at the .05
critical alpha. Therefore, there is enough evidence to reject
the null hypothesis and it is concluded that the graduates of
PBI have higher TOEFL score than the required score of
magister programs in Indonesia.
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Thank you