Load Frequency Control of

Two Area System

By
Dr. Aurobinda Bag
Sr. Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE
Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• A large power system can be divided into a number of load frequency
control (LFC) areas, which are interconnected by tie lines.
• Such an operation is called a pool operation.
• A power pool is an interconnection of the power systems of individual
utilities.
• Each power system operates independently within its own jurisdiction,
but there are contractual agreements regarding internal system exchanges
of power through the tie lines with keeping system frequency constant.
• There are also agreements relating to operational procedures to be
followed in the event of major faults or emergencies.
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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• For analyzing the dynamics of the LFC of an n-area power system, primarily
considering two-area systems.
• Two control areas 1 and 2 are connected by a single tie line as shown in Figure
below.

Fig.1
• Here, the control objective is to regulate the frequency of each area and to
simultaneously regulate the power flow through the tie line.
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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• For the sake of convenience, each control area can be represented by an equivalent turbine,
generator, and governor system.
• In the case of a single control area, the incremental power (ΔPG−ΔPD) was considered by the
rate of increase of stored KE and increase in area load caused by the increase in frequency.
• In a two-area case, the tie-line power must be accounted for the incremental power balance
equation of each area, since there is power flow in or out of the area through the tie line.

• Power flow out of Control area-1 can be expressed as (1)

• where
 ∣E1∣ and ∣E2∣ are voltage magnitudes of Area-1 and Area-2, respectively,
 δ1 and δ2 are the power angles of equivalent machines of their respective areas,
 and XTL is the tie-line reactance.
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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• If there is change in load demands in two areas, there will be
incremental changes in power angles (Δδ1 and Δδ2).
• Then, the change in the tie-line power is

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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• Therefore, change in incremental tie-line power can be expressed as
(2)
(3)

Where, (4)
T12 is known as the synchronizing coefficient or the stiffness coefficient of the
tie-line.
• Equation (4) can be written as (5)
• where Static transmission capacity of the tie line.
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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• Considering the change in frequency as

• Also,

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(6) 7
Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• Hence, the changes in power angles for Areas-1 and 2 are

(7)
(8)

• Since the incremental power angles are related in terms of integrals of incremental
frequencies, Equation (3) can be modified as
(9)

• Δf1 and Δf2 are the incremental frequency changes of Areas-1 and 2, respectively.

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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• Similarly, the incremental tie-line power out of Area-2 is
(10)

• Where (11)

• Dividing Equation (11) by Equation (4), we get

• Therefore, T21 = a12T12 and hence ΔPTL2 = -a12ΔPTL1 (12)

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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• For single control area, surplus power in p.u. is

• For a two-area case, the surplus power can be expressed in p.u. as

(13)
• Taking Laplace transform on both sides of Equation (13), we get

(14)
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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• Rearranging the equation (14) as follows, we get

(15)

• where
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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• By comparing Equation (15) with single-area equation, the only
additional term is the appearance of signal ΔPTL1 (S).
• Equation (15), can be represented in a block diagram model as shown
in Fig. below.

Fig.2, Block diagram representation of Equation (15) (for Control area-1)

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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)
• Taking Laplace transformation on both sides of Equation (9), we get

(16)

• For Control area-2, we have

(17)
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Load Frequency Control (Two Area System)

The block diagram representation of Equations (16) and (17) is shown

in Fig. below.

Fig.3, Block diagram representation of Equations (16) and (17)

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COMPOSITE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TWO-AREA CASE

By the combination of
basic block diagrams
of Control area-1 and
Control area-2 and
with the use of Figs.2
and 3, the composite
block diagram of a
two-area system can
be modeled as shown
in Fig.4.

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FIG. 4 Block diagram representation of a two-area system with an LFC
STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• For an uncontrolled case, ΔPc1 = ΔPc2 = 0, i.e., the speed-changer
positions are fixed.
Steady state Analysis:
• Here, the changes in the frequency and tie-line power under steady-
state conditions followed by sudden step changes in the loads in the
two areas, are determined.
• Let ΔPD1, ΔPD2 be sudden (incremental) step changes in the loads of
Control area-1 and Control area-2, simultaneously.
• ΔPG1, ΔPG2 are the incremental changes in the generation in Area-1
and Area-2 as a result of the load changes.
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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• Δf is the steady state change in frequency, and will be the same for both the
areas.
• ΔPTL1 is the steady state change in the tie-line power transmitted from
Area-1 to Area-2.
• In order to determine the steady state change,
• the incremental changes in generation can be determined as follows
(1)

(2)
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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• For the two areas, the dynamics are described by:
(3)

(4)
• Under steady-state conditions, we have (5)

• Putting the value of Equations (1), (2) and (5) in Equations (3) and (4),
we get
(6)
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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• And (7)

• As ΔPTL2 = −a12ΔPTL1 and Δf1 = Δf2 = Δf

• From Equation (6), we have

(8)

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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• Substituting ΔPTL1 from Equation (8) in Equation (7), we get

PD 2  a12 PD1

f  
1 1
( B2  )  a12 ( B1  ) (9)
05/02/2020 R2 R1 20
STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)

• Substituting Δf from Equation (9) in Equation (8), we get

 
 
1 
PTL1     B1  
 PD 2  a12 PD1  
  PD1
 R1   B  1   a  B  1 
  2 R2  12  1 R1  

 1  1   1   1 
 B1   PD 2   B2   PD1  a12   B1  PD1  a12   B1  PD1
R1  R2   R1   R1
  
 1   1
 B2    a12  B1  
 R2   R1 

(10)

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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• Equations (9) and (10) are modified as

PD1  a12 PD 2

• Tie-line frequency, f  (11)
 2  a12 1

• Tie-line power, (12)

 1 
• where  2   B2  
 R2 

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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• Equations (11) and (12) give the values of the steady state changes in
frequency and tie-line power, respectively, as a result of sudden step-
load changes in the two areas.
Analysis:
• It can be observed that the frequency and tie-line power deviations do
not reduce to zero in an uncontrolled case.
• Consider two identical areas, B1 = B2 = B, β1 = β2 = β, R1 = R2 = R and
a12 = +1 P  PD 2
f   D1
• Hence, from Equations (11) and (12), we have 2 (13)

•05/02/2020
and (14)23
STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• If a sudden load change occurs only in Area-2 (i.e.,ΔPD1 = 0), then we
have

• And (15)

(16)

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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)
• Equations (15) and (16) illustrate the advantages of pool operation as
follows:
• Equations (11) represents the change in frequency according to the change in
load in either of a two-area system interconnected by a tie line.
• When considering that those two areas are identical, Equation (11) becomes
Equation (13).
Hence, it is concluded that if a load disturbance occurs in only one of the areas
(i.e., ΔPD1 = 0 or ΔPD2 = 0), the change in frequency (Δ f) is only half of the
steady-state error, which would have occurred with no interconnection (i.e., an
isolated case).

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STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF TWO-AREA SYSTEM
(UNCONTROLLED CASE)

Thus, with several systems interconnected, the steady-state frequency error

would be reduced.
Half of the (∆PD2)added load (in Area-2) is supplied by Area-1 through the tie
line.

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