VARIABLE AIR

VOLUME &
CONSTANT AIR
VOLUME
By
CH.Sandeep Dattu(2019H1480152H)
A.Chaithanya(2019H1480151H)
 INTRODUCTION
VAV vary the volume of air to the air conditioned space according to the
sensible heat load. But CAV systems deliver a constant amount of air
Comparative Energy irrespective of load on the system
Analysis of a The energy consumption of a HVAC system can be divided into two parts.
Constant Air Conditioning the air in the air handling unit (AHU) and Transporting the
Volume (CAV) air to various zones of the space
System and a  Dry bulb temperature (DBT) = 400C
Variable Air Volume  Wet bulb temperature (WBT) = 280C
(VAV) System for a
 Dimensions = 33 x 8.5 x 2.9 m
Software Laboratory
 sensible heat = 75 W/person

S. Kalaiselvam, Sagar Velichet  latent heat = 60 W/person

Vidhya, S. Iniyan & A.Anand  Occupancy = 165 persons.
Samuel
 Heat gain per computer = 133 W
 Observation time = 8am to 6pm
 RESULTS:

Parameter CAV VAV Savings

Air handled by AHU high low 0-30%
CO2 concentration increases as the occupant constant
load increases
cooling energy requirement more less 14.73% - 20.73%
RH. requirements More Less 2%
chilled water flow rate demand More Less
Total Energy consumption More Less 14.67% - 22.67%

CONCLUSION:
Only minor changes can convert CAV to VAV. The VAV system described in this paper combines the advantages of
uniform air distribution, good IAQ and high energy saving potential. Hence, correct selection of HVAC systems can
provide better thermal comfort with reduced energy consumption.
 INTRODUCTION
HVAC in industrial premises account for nearly 30% of the total industrial
energy use in Sweden
A study of It has been shown that energy efficiency measures are more easily adopted if
they are related to support processes, i.e. HVAC, lighting and compressed air,
Variable Air and not to the production process, as the largest technical barriers to energy
Volume (VAV) efficiency are often related to the production process
systems in
foundries
P. Rohdin and B. Moshfegh
Linköping Institute of
Technology, Sweden
RESULTS:

• The maximum power for the CAV case is 1.8 MW and 1.25 MW for the VAV case, indicating a decrease in maximum
power of 31% for the present case
• The PPD index decreases slightly in the occupied zone when the air flows are lowered when the supply temperature is
16°C.
• For the summer case when the supply temperature is 23°C the PPD index decreases drastically, indicating a positive
thermal sensation
• The PMV index indicates that the air is too cold and the air velocity too high
• The DR-index indicates that the draught in the supply region in the occupied zone decreases slightly when flows are
decreased.

CONCLUSION:

• This study shows that a VAV system is an interesting HVAC control technique for the foundry industry.
• The technical potential for reducing energy use in terms of both heat and electricity is predicted to be about 30%
(heat 30.3% and electricity 28.9%).
• It is also shown that neither the thermal comfort nor the ventilation efficiency is predicted to be negatively
affected.
• An additional positive effect of the VAV system is the reduced power usage during the cold season
 INTRODUCTION
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are known for their high
Evaluation of energy energy performance and thus can improve energy efficiency both in
residential and commercial buildings. The energy savings potential of
savings potential of this system has been demonstrated in several studies by comparing
variable refrigerant the system performance with conventional HVAC systems such as
flow(VRF) from rooftop variable air volume systems (RTU-VAV) and central chiller
and boiler systems. This paper evaluates the performance of VRF and
variable air volume RTU-VAV systems in a simulation environment using widely-
(VAV) in the U.S. accepted whole building energy modeling software, EnergyPlus.
climate locations Building description
The prototype medium office has a rectangular floor plan andtotal
Dongsu Kima, Sam J. Coxa, floor area of 4982 m2. Each floor has 5 thermal zones,including 4
Heejin Choa,∗, Piljae Imb perimeter zones and 1 core zone with 33% window-towall fraction.
All construction details and internal heat gains are based on
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 requirements.
RESULTS: The simulation analysis results in the VRF HP models use less annual HVAC site energy than the RTU-VAV
models in all climate zones, and cold climates tend to use more HVAC site energy than mild climates mostly due to the
heating energy consumption. The results indicate the VRF HP models consume about 32%–88% less heating energy use
for 16 climate locations when compared to the RTU-VAV models. Energy savings in terms of the annual HVAC fan site
energy consumption are also the major energy savings potential for the VRF HP systems compared to the RTU-VAV
systems. The calculated analysis turned out that the VRF HP models consume about 2%–32% less HVAC source energy
from the RTU-VAV models. VRF HP models use around 26%–50% less HVAC fan site energy than the RTU-VAV
models throughout the chosen climate locations.

CONCLUSION: The simulation results showed that cold climate locations generally tended to show more HVAC site
energy uses than hot and mild climate locations due to the heating energy consumption for both the RTU-VAV and the
VRF HP systems. It was also found that the VRF HP models included around 14%–39% annual HVAC site energy savings
potential over the RTU-VAV models in 16 US climate locations. After conversion to source energy use, annual HVAC
source energy savings were estimated to be about 2%–32% for the VRF HP models. Comparing annual HVAC cost savings
as a percentage savings, the VRF HP models mostly showed higher cost savings potential than the RTU-VAV models
within hot and mild climates, while the RTU-VAV models used less HVAC energy costs in several cold climate zones,
mainly due to the differences in electricity and gas consumption.
 INTRODUCTION
VAV systems are often misread by the sensors due to stratification and
formation of pollutant pockets and responding to design levels that
overestimate the real‐time demand conditions, which result in waste of
energy, thermal discomfort and unhealthy air.

Strategies in
DIFFERENT STRATEGIES ADOPTED:
Multi‐Zone Air
1) Duct Static Pressure‐Based Control Strategies: To reduce the supply
Conditioning fan’s energy consumption, different studies have focused on strategies to reset
SystemsControl the static pressure setpoint.
 They used feedback indicator to reset the static pressure often produce
Behzad Rismanchi 1,*, Juan under and over ventilation in different zones.
Mahecha Zambrano 1, Bryan  Involves a standard PID control to determine the static pressure set point
Saxby 2, Ross Tuck 2 and Mark
Stenning
 2) CO2‐Based Control Strategies:CO2 could be used to estimate the strength of occupant ‐relatedcontaminant sources.
Dynamic reset approach focused on adjusting the outdoor air rate continuously according to the CO2 produced by the
occupants and then modulating the dampers to maintain the outdoor air rate at the new set point.

3) Fault Tolerant Control Strategies:VAV boxes are versatile and flexible devices used to control the airflow and deliver the
adequate amount of air in each conditioned space and are prone to failure

• First, a fault detection and diagnosis module identifies and isolates the damper failure and then, a fault ‐adaptive control
lock‐in the issue and makes possible to reduce the energy consumption of the building within desired thermal comfort
levels.

CONCLUSION: The paper presents novel solutions such as “Atomic Air” to balance the air flow using motor flaps
instead of VAV boxes. This reduces the investment cost and the failure risk since they are simple devices. This has
found to have the best outcome in terms of IAQ and energy saving.
 INTRODUCTION
 Numerical simulations were performed to predict the spatial distributions of indoor
gaseous contaminant and aerosol particles concentration with impinging jet
Comparison study of ventilation (IJV) and mixing ventilation (MV) systems
contaminant
distribution and
Different parameters compared between IJV and MV for both CAV and VAV are :
indoor air quality in  The local age of air
large-height spaces
 Contaminant concentration of the breathing zone
between impinging
 Ventilation efficiency for the removal of contaminants
jet and mixing
ventilation systems Numerical model: The 3-D turbulent airflow in the ventilation room is determined by
in heating mode the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations.

Xiao Yea,b, Yanming Kangb, local mean age of air is defined as the averaged time of air travelling from the
Fang Yanga, Ke Zhongb,∗ supply inlet to any location in a ventilated rooms user defined scalar is incorporated
into the CFD model for the calculation of the age of air.

Inlet : velocity boundary condition

Outlet : Outflow boundary condition
RESULTS:

• The mean age of air in the breathing zone of IJV is 37–47% less than that of MV for both the CAV and VAV systems.

• The numerical results show that regardless of the CAV or VAV system, both the CO 2 and 2.5 μm particles are uniformly
distributed in the IJV heating room, while the CO 2 mainly distributes in the middle region of the room and the 2.5 μm
particles concentrate at the floor level away from the exterior wall in the MV heating room.

• For the CAV system, the breathing zone CO2 concentration for IJV are almost the same as that for MV, while the former
is significantly lower than the latter for the VAV system.

• The ventilation efficiencies for the removal of CO2 and 2.5 μm particles are higher for IJV than for MV.

CONCLUSION:

On the whole, the IJV system not only can provide better indoor air quality, but also has higher contaminant removal
efficiency than the MV system with the same supply and exhaust configurations of the present study when both of the
two systems are used for space heating.
 INTRODUCTION
In commercial buildings a CAV (constant air volume) system is normally used for
ventilation and air-conditioning.. By changing the system to VAV operation,
ENERGY SAVINGS BY considerable energy savings can be achieved. The critical components are the supply
CHANGING CONSTANT air terminal devices, which must have good controlling properties, a low noise level
AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS and provide a comfortable air flow and temperature pattern in the room
(CAV) TO VARIABLE AIR
VOLUME SYSTEMS
(VAV) IN EXISTING CHANGES MADE:
OFFICE BUILDINGS. -  Ordinary supply air devices were changed to the new type of VAV diffusers
EXPERIENCE FROM A
PLANT  Variable frequency inverters for fan speed control were installed to both supply
RECONSTRUCTION and exhaust air fans
BASED ON A NEW  Cooling coil was installed to the unit for cooling down the supply air during
SUPPLY AIR TERMINAL summertime
DEVICE CONCEPT

MARI-LIIS MARIPUU* and

LENNART JAGEMAR*
 RESULTS:

CONCLUSION: VAV system with low supply air temperatures gives a big amount of energy savings. Lower supply air
temperatures also require diffusers that will maintain required indoor climate. The main problems that occur with VAV
devices are noise and unsatisfied thermal comfort. Measurements that were made in our test house showed that these new
type of supply air diffusers provide good climate control. They work quietly and do not cause any problems with the thermal
comfort in the rooms even with low supply air temperatures.