WATER RESOURCE - A

renewable source of
energy.
 INTRODUCTION

 Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of

water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental
 activities. All living things require water to grow and reproduce.
 Water is one of the most vital natural resources for all life on Earth. The availability
and quality of water always have played an important part in determining not only
where people can live, but also their quality of life. Even though there always has been
plenty of fresh water on Earth, water has not always been available when and where it
is needed, nor is it always of suitable quality for all uses. Water must be considered as
a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and suitability for
use.
 Water is the most abundant, inexhaustible renewable resource. It covers 70%  of the
globe in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, etc. Of this 70%, only 3% is available as
freshwater. From this 3%, roughly 2% is frozen in polar icecaps and only a fraction of
the remaining 1% is used as drinking water (potable). 90% of the water is utilized for
agricultural purposes in India.
SURFACE WATER

 surface water include creeks, lakes and streams. Surface water is

found above the earth's surface. Surface water can be contaminated
by rainwater runoff from homes, businesses, roads and parking lots. ...
Groundwater is water found below the earth's surface.
 Surface water is any water that collects on the surface of the earth.
This includes oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, or wetlands. Fresh surface
water is maintained by rainfall or other precipitation, and it's lost
through seepage through the ground, evaporation, or use by plants and
animals. Man-made bodies of water are not considered surface water
since they generally rest on artificial surfaces, not the ground itself.
 Surface Water are in forms of lake, ponds, Streams and River.
GROUND WATER
 OCEAN OR SEA : Sea water is salty and therefore it cannot be used
directly for drinking, washing or cooking. So it is appropriate if used
after distillation.
 River: The flowing water of the river is supposed to be naturally clean
as it is filtered automatically. But now a days since dirty water has been
emptied in river we cannot use it directly for cooking, drinking or any
other purpose.
 PONDS AND LAKES: Usually water collected are stored in big pits on
ground known as ponds or lakes.Lakes are useful to supply water to
small villages.
 WELLS: A cylindrical hole beginning from the surface of the earth to the
region of the underground water is said well.
 USES OF WATER
 The uses of water can be broadly divided into domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. The
main portion of water is used for irrigation
 Domestic Uses: We need water for our everyday household uses. The daily uses include
drinking, cooking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, brushing teeth, watering the garden,
washing pets etc. A good quality domestic water storage tank is a must to meet our all
household needs.
 Agricultural Uses: The irrigation of our economy depends on agriculture and maximum water
is used in farming and agriculture in the rural areas of our country.
 Industrial uses: Major water using industries are paper, steel chemical, and petroleum
refining.
 Commercial Uses: Water is being used on a daily basis in different commercial properties
such as hotels, restaurants, office buildings, and other commercial properties.
 Recreational Uses: Water is used in several recreational activities such as Swimming pools,
parks, etc.
 Different Uses of Water: Uses of Water can be divided into
Agriculture, Domestic and Industrial Needs. Most of the water can be
used in Agriculture in our Country. 70% of Water can be used for
agriculture purpose, and 22% of water is used for Industrial Needs and
8 % for Domestic Needs.
 Agriculture (70%): Most of our Country is Occupied with Agriculture
and Farmers depend on water to cultivate their crop. Some times
Rainfall water is not sufficient to Cultivate crop so farmers choose some
artificial watering systems referred to as irrigation. 
What Are The Different Uses Of Water - A Plus Topper In our Country,
60% of people rely on agriculture and uses 90% of water for irrigation.
 Industrial(22%): Industries Depends on water. Due to rapid development in
industries, the demand for water is also increased. Factories use a large
amount of water as raw material, heating cooling and for generating
electricity.
 Domestic(8%): Water Using for household purpose is called as domestic. we
need water to drink. At the same time, we use water for so many purposes like
washing clothes, dishes and for a bath. water provides a home to so many
animals. Generally, Water will get in two ways municipal water distribution
system, or we extract it from an underground source through a motor-driven
tube well. In rural areas, 80% of water comes from underground sources
 Water is essential for drinking, as well as in industries and in electricity
consumption.
WHY IMPORTANT TO SAVE WATER
ECONOMICALLY

 If it rains less in summer than we have to bear water-scarcity especially in

summers.
 If water is overused and drainage line is blocked then dirty water flows on the
roads which spread foul smell and pollute air resulting in various disease and
epidemics.
 In future if water is used excessively possibility of water tax may arise.
 MINERAL RESOURCE

 Minerals provide the material used to make most of the things of

industrial- based society; roads, cars, computers, fertilizers, etc.
Demand for minerals is increasing world wide as the population
increases and the consumption demands of individual people
increase.
 METALLIC MINERALS MAY BE FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS
MINERALS- Ferrous minerals like iron, ore, manganese contain
iron. NON-FERROUS does not contain iron but contain other
metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead.
METALLIC MINERALS

 METALLIC MINERAL ARE SUCH MATERIAL WHICH CAN BE MELTED TO

OBTAIN NEW PRODUCTS.
 IRON,COPPER,TIN,MAGANESE ARE SOME EXAMPLES.
 THEY ARE USUALLY HARD AND HAVE SHINNING LUSTER ON THEM
 THEY ARE MALLABLE.’
 WHEN HEAT THEY DO NOT GET BROKEN.
NON METALLIC MINERALS

 THEY DO NOT YIELD NEW PRODUCTS ON MELTING.

 SALT,CLAY,SALT ARE SOME EXAMPLE.
 THEY ARE NOT SO HARD AND DON’T HAVE SHINER OR LUSTER ON
THEM.
 THEY ARE NOT MALLABLE AND DUCTILE
 WHEN HIT THEY CANT BROKEN INTO PIECES.
KINDS OF MINERALS

 ENERGY PROVIDING MINERALS: COAL, NATURAL

GAS AND MINERAL OIL.
 VALUABLE MINERALS: GOLD, SILVER AND DIAMOND.
 MINERAL USEFUL IN CONSTRUCTION OF WORK:
STONES, MARBLE LINE ..ETC
 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS: IT INCLUDES IRON, COPPER,
ALUMINIUM, MANAGENESE….ETC
CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS

 EXHAUSTIBILITY: MINERALS ARE NON-RENEWABLE OR DEPLETING ASSETS

AND ONCE MINED OUT THE DEPOSITS GETS DEPLETED AND LOST FOR
EVER WITHOUT ANY CHANCE OF REPLENISHMENT.
 LOCALISED OCCURRENCE: THE TOTAL AREA OCCUPIED IS LIMITED AND
ARE EASILY AVAILABLE AT THEIR LOCAL AREA.
 UNPREDICTABLE OCCURRENCE: THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF A
MINERALS IN ANY REGION IS NOT EASY TO PREDICT. UNCERTAINITIES
PREVAIL WITH RESPECT TO THEIR OCCURANCE & EXTENT OF DEPTH.
 DEPENDENCE ON OTHER FACTORS: MINERALS PRODUCTION IS LARGELY
AFFECTED BY FACTORS LIKE CHANGING NEEDS, AVAILABILITY OF STOCKS,
PRICE FLUCTUATIONS, REUSE AND MANY MORE.
 USES OF MINERALS

 Used in construction of buildings, bridges and housing settlement.

 Development of industries and machinery.
 Used for generation of energy mainly Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
 Used for development of defence equipment.
 Used in the field of communication like telephone, wires, cables, electronic
devices etc.
 Formation of alloys for various purposes.
 Used for formation of ornaments like jewellery of gold, diamond, silver etc.
 Used for synthesis of fertilizers, fungicides etc.
FOOD RESOURCE

 Food is essential for growth and development of living organisms. Food is that
which nourishes the body and it is pre-requisite for future.
 Food may also be define as anything eaten or drunk which generates energy
source.
 Intake of right kind of amount of food can ensure good health, which may be
evident in our appearance, efficiency and well being.
 In other words, food is nutritive substance taken by organism for growth,
work,repaid and maintaining life process.
 The main food that we eat to provide us energy is staple food. Roti, rice and bread
are some of its examples.
FOOD PROBLEMS

 UNDERNOURISHMENT: It is the lack of sufficient calories available in diet.

Person in this category are likely to suffer from stunted growth, mental
retardation, and other social and developmental disorders. Therefore,
Under-nourishment means lack of sufficient calories in available food,
resulting in little or no ability to move or work.
People who can not buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs suffer
from under nutrition. They receive less than 90% of this minimum dietry
calorie. Effect of under nutrition: Suffer from mental retardation and
infectious diseases.

 MALNOURISHMENT: It means lack of specific constituents in food such as

proteins, vitamins or certain essential elements. It may also refer from
improper intake
COMPONENTS OF FOOD

 CARBOHYDRATES: The carbohydrates in our food are obtained mainly

from the sources like wheat, rice maize, potatoes,, sago (sabu-dana),
peas, beans& fruit. Glucose are best example of this.
 FATS:  Fat is used by the body for producing energy as and when
required so fat is considered as energy bank in our body. Fats are
supplied to our body by many foods like butter, milk, egg, ghee, yogurt 
etc
 PROTEIN: Protein helps in body growth and repairs the tissues so it is
also called body building food.  We can get protein from fish, eggs,Milk ,
cheese and various pulses…etc
 MINERALS: Important minerals inclydes Iodine, Calcium, Sodium,
Potassium
  Vitamins are complex organic compounds which are essential for the
growth and maintenance of our body. 
vitamin A — carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, kale
vitamin B12 — meat, poultry, fish
vitamin E — nuts, seeds, vegetable oils
Vitamin C- Oranges,lemon and other citrus food
 Water is essential to our survival and should be taken in adequate
amounts. It keeps the body hydrated and let the body function properly.
Water accounts for 55%-65% of body weight, but because the body
can’t store water, we must constantly replenish it.
FUNCTIONS OF FOOD

 PROVIDES ENERGY TO DO WORK AND MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE.

 PROVIDES NUTRIENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROWTH AND BODY.
 ENSURES THE PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE SYSTEM.
 PREVENT AND FIGHT AGAINST INFECTIONS.
 Food provides the materials needed to build, repair and maintain body tissues.
 Food supplies the substances that help regulate the body's processes. Water,
vitamins and minerals help regulate breathing, the nervous system, digestion,
blood circulationand the elimination of waste products from the body. They
help keep all the systems in the body working properly.
FOOD PRESERVATION

 Food preservation has been defined “as the science which deals with
the process of prevention of decay or spoilage of food thus allowing it
to be stored in a fit condition for future use”. It has also been described
as the state in which any food may be retained over a period of time.
 Food production and supply does not always tally with the demand or
meets of the people. In some places there is surplus production of a
food product, whereas in some other place there is inadequate supply.
Even foods are perishable and semi-perishable like juicy fruits,
vegetables, mangoes, tomato, papaya and many more, which very
quickly gets spoilt. It is therefore important to improve and expand
facilities for storage and preservation of food.
IMPORTANCE OF FOOD
PRESERVATION
 1. Increasing the self-life of foods thus increasing the supply. So many perishable
foods can be preserved for a long time.
 2. Making the seasonal food available throughout the year.
 3. Adding variety to the diet.
 4. Saving time by reducing preparation time and energy, as the food has already
been partially processed.
 5. Stabilising prices of food, as there is less scope of shortage of supply to demand.
 6. Decreasing wastage of food by preventing decay or spoilage of food.
 7. Improving the nutrition of the population. Preserved foods help people to bring a
variety in the diet, thereby decreasing nutritional inadequacies.
METHODS OF FOOD PRESERVATION

 BACTERIOSTATIC METHOD: In this method, bacteria are not

allowed to increase in food materials, eg- dehydration,
salting and freezing method.
 BACTERICIDAL METHOD: In this method, the bacteria
present in the food are killed. Eg- cooking, boiling and
irradiation(proper treatment) method
LAND RESOURCE

 Land is a naturally occurring finite resource. It provides the base for

survival of living beings. It holds everything that constitutes terrestrial
ecosystems. Increased demand on land in modern times due to the rise
in human population and resultant activities has resulted in degradation
of land quality and quantity, decline in crop production, and
competition for land.
 LAND AND WATER ARE NOT EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED ON THE SURFACE
OF THE EARTH. IT IS OBSERVED THAT THERE IS 71% OF WATER AND
29% OF LAND IS SPREAD OVER THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
LAND USES

 FOR RESIDENCE OR FOR CONSTRUCTION

 FOR DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING ROADS.
 FOR AGRICULTURE OR GARDENING
 FOR CREATING FORESTS.
 FOR PROJECTS PREPARATION
 FOR RECREATIONAL USES.
TYPES OF NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND

 1. WET-LAND: THE LAND WHICH IS IN THE VICINITY OF RIVER BANK OR

WHICH IS NEARER TO CANAL AREA, WHICH REMAINS TOO MUCH WET
AND IS NOT USED FOR ANY PURPOSE IS CALLED WET LAND.
 2 .WASTE LAND: THE LAND WHICH IS DESTROYED DUE TO NATURE OR
MAN MADE REASONS OR THE LAND WHERE THE AGRICULTURE IS NOT
POSSIBLE OR LAND WHERE PROPER WATER RESOURCE IS NOT
AVAILABLE ARE CALLED WASTE LAND.
 DESERT LAND: HERE, THE LAND IS MOSTLY COVERED BY SAND OR THE
TEMPERATURE IS NOT SUITABLE WHERE PEOPLE CAN RESIDE OR WORK
ARE CALLED DESERT LAND.
 LAND DEGRADATION

 The change in the characteristic and quality of soil which

adversely affect its fertility is called as Degradation.
 It refers to the detorioration or loss of fertility or productive
capacity of soil.
 Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients.
 Less vegetation cover
Causes of Land Degradation:

 DEFORESTATION: the action of clearing a wide area of trees.  It is the removal of a 
forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a non-forest
use.Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, malls, super-
market..etc
 OVERGRAZING: excessive grazing which causes damage to grassland. a situation in
which there are too many cows or other animals eating grass in an area, which 
damages the environment.
 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE: The modern agricultural practises, excessive use of
fertilizers and pesticides has adversely degraded the natural quality and fertility of
the cultivation land.
 INDUSTRIALIZATION: Development of industries for the economic
growth of the country leads to excessive deforestation and utilization of
land in such as way that it has lost its natural up gradation quality.
 URBANIZATION: Increasing growth of population and demand for more
residential areas and commercial sectors is also one of the reasons for
land degradation.
Prevention and Control
Measures for Land Degradation

 REDUCING DEFORESTATION: Avoiding deforestation completely is an uphill task.

However, deforestation can be cut down and this can create an impressive way of
reshaping and restoring forests and vegetation cover. As populations grow,
individuals can be sensitized and educated regarding sustainable forest management
and reforestation efforts. Also, preserving the integrity of guarded areas can
significantly reduce demonstration.
 Hence, there is a necessity for individuals all over the world to respect forest cover
and reduce some of the human-driven actions that encourage logging. With the
reduction of deforestation, soil’s ability to naturally regenerate can be restored.
Governments, international organizations, and other environmental stakeholders
need to ensure there are appropriate measures for making zero net deforestation a
reality so as to inhibit soil degradation.
 Afforestation: Planting new trees and plants is afforestation.
We live because plants live. If the plants die, all living things will
also die. Thus, whenever trees are cut down new trees should
be planted. Planting trees in hilly areas are most effective for
conservation.
 Crop Rotation: Between harvesting one crop and planting the
next crop, the fields lie bare; there is a time period when the
farmland does not have any crops. During this period, the
farmer either grows grass or grows other crops to prevent soil
from erosion. This helps the soil to regain the lost minerals.
  Building Dams: Dams are built to prevent floods, which not do not
damage the crops.
 Embankments: Bib strong structure called embankments along the
banks of the river can protect fields from the floods. These
embankments prevent the fast overflowing rivers and rainwater from
washing away a huge amount of rich fertile soil.
 Van Mahotsav: It is an annual tree planting festival started by the
Government of India. The aim of this programme is to create awareness
about the need for conservation of forest and soil.
SOIL EROSION

MEANING: LOSS OR REMOVAL OF THE SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF THE SOIL BY ACTION OF

WATER, WIND OR BY ACTIVITIES OF MAN IS TERMED AS SOIL EROSION.
There are three main types of soil erosion.
1. WIND EROSION: Wind erosion is the removal soil particles by the force and kinetic
energy of the wind.
2. Water erosion: Water erosion is caused by the kinetic energy of rain falling on the
soil surface and by the mechanical force of runoff
Gravity erosion: Mass movement of soil occurs on steep slopes under the influence of
gravity. The process involves the transfer of slope-forming materials from higher to
lower grounds due to self weight.