Rock My World !

1. How did you find the rock

classifying activity ?

2. What can you infer about

the types of rock commonly
found in your surrounding?
How are rocks classified ?

1.Texture

2.Chemical composition
 Three Types of Rocks

• Rocks are
classified by how
they form
– Igneous
– Sedimentary
– Metamorphic

– Rocks can change Schist

from one type to
another over time
 Rock Classification

• Rocks are
classified by:
– How they form
– Texture
– Grain size
– Mineral
composition

Conglomerate Sedimentary Rock

 Igneous Rocks
• “ignis” – fire
• forms when molten rock
(magma) cools and hardens
• Classified by:
– Where they form
Crystal (grain) size
 Slow cooling – large crystals
 Rapid cooling – small crystals

Basalt
 Intrusive Igneous Rock or
Plutonic Rock
• Intrusive igneous:
cooling takes place
slowly beneath
Earth’s surface

granite
 Extrusive Igneous Rock or
Volcanic Rock
• Extrusive
igneous: cooling
takes place
rapidly on Earth’s
surface

Pumice
 Types of Igneous Rocks :
Texture
1. Coarse – grained or phaneritic – large
crystals are visible to the eyes - Granite
2. Fine – grained or aphanitic – small crystals
which cannot be seen even with the aid of
hand lens - Basalt
3. Porphyritic – consist of two minerals having
a large difference in size ( large grain –
phenocryst; fine grain – groundmass or
matrix) Feldspar
4. Glossy – textured rock – noncrystalline and
contain no mineral grains - Obsidian
 Types of Igneous Rocks :
Chemical Composition
1. Felsic – light color; “ fel” for feldspar of
the potassium – rich variety ; sic – silica
Ex. Quartz, potassium feldspar,
granite
2. Mafic – dark color; “Ma” for magnesium;
fic – iron Ex. Basalt
3. Andesitic – mixture of both light and dark
colored minerals Ex. Diorite, amphibole
4. Ultramafic – mostly dark – colored
minerals Ex. Olivine, pyroxine
 Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary rock:
forms from the
compaction and/or
cementation of
sediments
• This process is
called lithification Limestone

• Sediments are:
– Rock pieces
– Mineral grains
– Shell fragments
 How do sediments form?
• Sediments form weathering
through the
processes of
weathering and
erosion of rocks
exposed at Earth’s
surface

erosion
 Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary rock
can also form from
the chemical
depositing of
materials that were
once dissolved in
water

gypsum
• When water
evaporates, minerals
are left behind and
form rock
 Types of Sedimentary Rock
1.Detrital sedimentary rocks – come
from weathered rocks like igneous
rock ; basis of grouping is the size of
particles – Coarse , medium, fine,
very fine
2.Chemical sedimentary rocks – come
from soluble material produced largely
gypsum
by chemical weathering ; basis of
grouping is chemical composition –
calcite, quartz, gypsum,halite
 Metamorphic Rock
• Metamorphic rock:
forms when any
rock type is
changed into a
different kind of
rock
• Changes due to
great heat and/or
pressure Gneiss
 How does rock change?
• Rocks are heated,
squeezed, folded,
or chemically
changed by contact
with hot fluids

marble
 How does rock change?
Metamorphism – process of transformation
of a parent rock into a texturally
and mineralogically new rock
Metamorphic agents
1.Heat – foliated
2.Pressure – stress
3.Chemically active fluids – carbon dioxide,
water, other volatile materials
marble
Rock Description Parent
name rock
Foliated ; fine-
Slate grained Shale
Gneiss Foliated ; Granite,
medium-to- volcanic
coarse-grained rock
Marble Nonfoliated;
marble
medium-to- Limestone
coarse-grained
Metamorphic rocks are
commonly used in household
and in building structures

Slate – roof, floor tile,

chalkboard, billiard tables

marble – building stones ;

white marbles – statues and
monuments
The Rock Cycle
 The Earth Recycles Rock
• The rock cycle is an
ongoing series of
processes inside Earth
and on the surface

• Slowly changes rocks

from one kind to another

• Any type of rock can

change into another type
 How does this relate to
plate tectonics?
• Plate movement drives
the rock cycle
– Subduction (1 plate
pushed under another
plate)
• Re-melts rock into magma
– Mountain building
• Folding, faulting, uplift
• Exposes rock at the
surface to be weathered
and eroded
a. Cementation and compaction (lithification)
b. Heat and pressure
c. Weathering, transportation(erosion), and deposition
d. Cooling and solidification
e. Melting
Copy Me