Metoda ilmiah

Dr. Eka Fitrianda, M.Farm, Apt

 KEYPOINT: Penelitian ilmiah
harus dilaksanakan dengan
menggunakan METODA ILMIAH
ELEMEN-ELEMEN METODA ILMIAH
• Empirical approach

• Observations

• Questions

• Hypotheses

• Experiments

• Analyses

• Conclusions

• Replication
Empirical approach

The empirical approach is an evidence-

based approach that relies on direct
observation and experimentation in the
acquisition of new knowledge
Observations
Observation refers to two distinct
concepts—being aware of the world
around us and making careful
measurements

Observation also refers to the process of

making careful and accurate
measurements, which is a distinguishing
feature of well-conducted scientific
investigations
Dari proses observasi, peneliti akan
mendapatkan ide penelitian
Questions

The next step in the research process

involves translating
that research idea into an answerable
question
“Is there an exact replica of me
in another universe?”

“Whether exercising (i.e.,

perhaps operationally defined
as running three times per week
for 30 minutes each time)
reduces cholesterol levels?”
Hypotheses
Simply an educated—and testable—guess
about the answer to your research question.

A key feature of all hypotheses is that each

must make a prediction

These predictions are then tested by gathering

and analyzing data, and the hypotheses can
either be supported on the basis of the data.
“If people exercise for 30
minutes per day at least three
days per week, then their
cholesterol levels will be
reduced.”
null
hypothesis

alternate
hypothesis
Experiments (or research study)

A study that would attempt to

address question

measuring the phenomenon of interest in an

accurate and reliable manner
Accuracy vs. Reliability

• refers to whether the

Accuracy measurement is correct

• refers to whether the

Reliability measurement is
consistent
Analyses

The type of statistical techniques

used by a researcher depends on:
Calls for the use of statistical • the design of the study
techniques • the type of data being gathered
• the questions being asked

Whether the null hypothesis

should be rejected or not rejected
Conclusions

It is important that
researchers make only
those conclusions that
For example, if the can be supported by the
researcher rejected the data analyses
null hypothesis, the
researcher can conclude
that the phenomenon
being studied had an
effect—a statistically
significant effect, to be
more precise
Replication

Conducting the same research study a

second time with another group of
participants to see whether the same
results are obtained
 To answer
questions
and acquire
new
knowledge

GOALS OF
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH