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CHILDREN'S SYMPTOMS
CAUSES
CAUSES
Injury may include one or more of the following
factors:
• Damage to brain cells may be limited to the area directly below
the point of impact on the skull.
• A severe blow or jolt can cause multiple points of damage because
the brain may move back and forth in the skull.
• A severe rotational or spinning jolt can cause the tearing of cellular
structures.
• A blast, as from an explosive device, can cause widespread
damage.
• An object penetrating the skull can cause severe, irreparable
damage to brain cells, blood vessels and protective tissues around
CAUSES
COMMON EVENTS CAUSING TRAUMATIC BRAIN
INJURY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
• Falls / Falling - 35%
• Vehicle-related collisions -17%
• Violence – 10%
• Sports injuries- 21%
• Explosive blasts and other combat injuries -17%
RISK FACTORS
R I S K FA C T O R S
Young adults,
especially those
between ages 15
and 24
Adults age 75 and older
COMPLICATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
Several complications can occur immediately or soon
after a traumatic brain injury. Severe injuries increase
the risk of a greater number of complications and
more-severe complications.
ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS
– Coma
– Vegetative state
– Minimally Conscious state
– Locked in syndrome
– Brain death
COMPLICATIONS
SEIZURES
FLUID BUILDUP
INFECTIONS
BLOOD VESSEL DAMAGE
NERVE DAMAGE
– Paralysis of facial muscles
– Damage to the nerves responsible for eye movements, which can cause double
vision
– Damage to the nerves that provide sense of smell
– Loss of vision
– Loss of facial sensation
– Swallowing problems
COMPLICATIONS
INTELLECTUAL
PROBLEMS
Cognitive problems Executive functioning
• Memory problems
• Learning • Problem-solving
• Reasoning • Multitasking
IMAGING TESTS
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
MEDICATIONS
Medications to limit secondary damage to the
brain immediately after an injury may include:
• Diuretics.
• Anti-seizure drugs.
• Coma-inducing drugs.
TREATMENTS AND DRUGS
SURGERY
Emergency surgery may be needed to minimize
additional damage to brain tissues. Surgery may
be used to address the following problems:
• Removing clotted blood (hematomas).
• Repairing skull fractures.
• Opening a window in the skull.
TREATMENTS AND DRUGS
REHABILITATION
• Most people who have had a significant brain injury will
require rehabilitation. They may need to relearn basic
skills, such as walking or talking. The goal is to improve
their abilities to perform daily activities.
Primary Amenorrhea
• Occurs when a girl does not begin to menstruate.
• Girls who show no signs of sexual development (breast
development and pubic hair) by age 14 should be evaluated.
• Girls who do not have their periods by two years after sexual
development should also be checked.
• Any girl who does not have her period by age 16 should be
evaluated for primary amenorrhea.
98
Secondary Amenorrhea
• Occurs when you’ve had at least one menstrual period and you
stop menstruating for six months or longer. Secondary
amenorrhea is different from primary amenorrhea, which
occurs if you haven’t had your first menstrual period by age 16.
• You must miss at least three to six menstrual periods to be
diagnosed with secondary amenorrhea.
• A variety of factors can contribute to this condition, including:
• Birth control use
99
Secondary Amenorrhea
• Certain medications that treat cancer, psychosis, or schizophrenia
• hormone shots
• Missed menstrual periods are usually associated with pregnancy, breast-
feeding, or menopause. However, these conditions don’t cause
amenorrhea.
• Secondary amenorrhea usually isn’t harmful to your health. It can be
treated effectively in most cases. However, you must address the
underlying conditions that cause amenorrhea to prevent any
complications.
100
Hormonal Imbalances
• A hormonal imbalance is the most common cause of secondary
amenorrhea. A hormonal imbalance can occur as a result of:
• Tumors on the pituitary gland
• Overactive thyroid gland
• Low estrogen levels
• High testosterone levels
• Testosterone is the primary sex hormone in men. However, it also plays a
role in the growth and development of reproductive tissues in women.
High testosterone levels in a woman can result in irregular or absent
menstrual periods.
101
Hormonal Imbalances
• Hormonal birth control can also contribute to secondary
amenorrhea. Depo-Provera, a hormonal birth control shot, and
hormonal birth control pills may cause you to miss menstrual
periods. Certain medical treatments and medications, such as
chemotherapy and antipsychotic drugs, can also trigger
amenorrhea.
102
Structural Issues
• Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can cause
hormonal imbalances that lead to the growth of ovarian cysts. Ovarian
cysts are benign, or noncancerous, masses that develop in the ovaries.
The hormonal imbalances that result from PCOS can also cause
amenorrhea.
• Scar tissue that forms due to pelvic infections or multiple dilation and
curettage (D&C) procedures can also prevent menstruation. D&C
involves dilating the cervix and scraping the uterine lining with a spoon-
shaped instrument called a curette. This surgical procedure is often used
to remove excess tissue from the uterus or to diagnose and treat
abnormal uterine bleeding.
103
Lifestyle Factors
• Body weight can potentially affect regular menstruation as
well. Women who are very overweight or who have less than
15 percent body fat may stop getting menstrual periods. This is
especially true for athletes who train extensively or excessively.
• Emotional stress is another possible cause of secondary
amenorrhea. Your body may respond to extreme stress by
temporarily disrupting your normal menstrual cycle. Your
menstrual periods will most likely resume once you work
through your tension and anxiety.
104
Treatment
• Treatment varies depending upon the causes of the
amenorrhea. Treatment options include:
• Dietary changes, including an increase in fat and calories in
order to stimulate estrogen production.
• Counseling for eating disorders.
• Using stress reduction techniques to help regulate the period.
• Hormonal supplements, like the birth control pill or patch, or
hormone replacement therapy.
• Surgery to remove cysts, fibroids or tumors
DYSMENORRHEA
ADAWIYA, Asmad
107
DEFINITION
• Primary dysmenorrhea, which is defined as painful
menses in women with normal pelvic anatomy,
usually begins during adolescence. It is
characterized by crampy pelvic pain beginning
shortly before or at the onset of menses and lasting
one to three days.
108
Pathogenesis
• Dysmenorrhea is thought to be caused by the release of
prostaglandins in the menstrual fluid, which causes
uterine contractions and pain.
• Vasopressin also may play a role by increasing uterine
contractility and causing ischemic pain as a result of
vasoconstriction.
▫ Elevated vasopressin levels have been reported in women
with primary dysmenorrhea.
109
Risk Factors
• Age < 20 years
• Attempts to lose weight
• Depression/anxiety
• Disruption of social networks
• Heavy menses
• Nulliparity
• Smoking
110
Diagnosis
• History and physical examination
▫ perform only an abdominal examination in young adolescents
with a typical history who have never been sexually active
• Always R/O secondary dysmenorrhea
▫ Pelvic mass, abnormal vaginal discharge…
• Ultrasonography
• laparoscopy or laparotomy with biopsy
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Nursing Interventions
1. Acute Pain related to increased uterine contractility,
hypersensitivity.
• Goal: pain reduced client
• Nursing Interventions:
Nursing Interventions
2. Massage the abdominal area that feels pain.
• Rationale: reduce pain due to the stimulus of therapeutic touch.
Nursing Interventions
4. Perform relaxation techniques.
• Rationale: reduce the pressure to get relaxed.
Conclusion
• NSAIDs are the initial therapy of choice in patients with
presumptive primary dysmenorrhea.Because all NSAIDs are
equal in efficacy, agent selection should be guided by cost,
convenience, and patient preference,with ibuprofen or
naproxen being a good choice for most patients.
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Prevention Methods
• Beneficial steps include:
• Making appropriate changes in diet and exercise activity to achieve a healthy weight.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome, for example, can often be managed by maintaining a
healthy weight. Women may wish to consult a registered dietician for assistance with
dietary changes. Women with eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, may need
to gain weight in order to restore normal menstruation.
• Avoiding recreational drug use, excessive alcohol consumption and cigarette
smoking.
• Striving for a healthy balance in work, recreation and rest.
• Assessing areas of stress or conflict in life. If necessary, contacting a mental health
professional (e.g., psychologist, psychiatrist) for help dealing with stress.
OBESITY
What is obesity?
• Obesity is that, you
have a high amount
of fat in your body
or refers to an
excess amount of
body fat.
DIAGNOSIS
BMI (Body Mass Index) is the tool most commonly
used to estimate overweight and obesity in children's
and adults.
DIAGNOSIS
Waist Circumference
Physical exam
Lab tests
Psychological evaluation
Other studies
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ANOREXIA
• Individual therapy
• Medications
NURSING
MANAGEMENT /
INTERVENTION
NURSING INTERVENTIONS:
• Cognitive and Behavioral therapy to positive and negative reinforcement
• Increase self-esteem by acceptance and non-judgmental approach
• Teach about the disorder
• Monitor weight three times a week but weigh with the patient facing
away from the weighing scale to help them reduce their focus on weight.
Make sure the patient is not hiding heavy objects under her clothing.
• As soon as the ideal weight is gained, allow patient to regulate his or her
own progression and program.
• High protein and high carbohydrate diet, serve foods the patient prefer
in small frequent feedings. NGT if the patient refuses to eat.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS:
• Setting limits to avoid manipulative behavior:
– Restrict use of bathroom for 2 hour after eating.
– Accompany to the bathroom to ensure that they will not self induce vomiting.
– Stay with client during meals.
– Do not accept excuses to leave eating area.
• Help the patient identify and express feelings. Avoid being judgmental
• Help the patient to identify and express other bodily concerns such as hairstyle,
clothing. Typically anorectic patients have little bodily awareness other than a
distorted perception of their size.
• Identify the patients non-weight related interests.
• Avoid being confrontational and engaging in long discussions or explanations
about food or body.
• Ignore manipulative behaviors.
• Refer to self-help groups.
LIFESTYLE AND
HOME REMEDIES
LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES
• There's no guaranteed way to prevent
anorexia nervosa. Primary care physicians may
be in a good position to identify early indicators of
anorexia and prevent the development of full-blown
illness.
• If you notice that a family member or friend has low
self-esteem, severe dieting habits and
dissatisfaction with appearance, consider talking to
him or her about these issues. Although you may
not be able to prevent an eating disorder from
ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
• Alternative medicine is the use of a
nonconventional approach instead of
conventional medicine. Complementary
medicine is a nonconventional approach used
along with conventional medicine.
• Alternative medicine hasn't been well-studied
as a treatment for people with eating
disorders, but complementary treatments may
help reduce anxiety. Such treatments may
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Examples of anxiety-reducing
complementary treatments include:
Acupuncture
Massage
Yoga
Meditation
COPING AND
SUPPORT
COPING AND SUPPORT
• Whether you have anorexia
or your loved one has
anorexia, ask your doctor or
therapist for advice on
coping strategies and
emotional support. Learning
effective coping strategies
and getting the support you
BULIMIA
NERVOSA
( BY U - L E E - M E - U H )
DEFINITION
DEFINITION
• Bulimia nervosa, commonly called bulimia,
is a serious, potentially life-threatening
eating disorder. People with bulimia may
secretly binge — eating large amounts of
food — and then purge, trying to get rid of
the extra calories in an unhealthy way. For
example, someone with bulimia may force
vomiting or engage in excessive exercise.
Sometimes people purge after eating only a
TWO
CATEGORIES OF
BULIMIA
TWO CATEGORIES
• Depression
• Anxiety disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Personality disorder
• Substance abuse disorder
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Causes
• Bullying and peer pressure
• Death of love one
• Victim of sexual abuse
• Drug and alcohol use
• Parental divorce
• Parental emotional neglect
• Pressures at school to excel and choose a career path
Signs and Symptoms
• Withdrawal from family and peers
• Loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities
• Difficulty concentrating on schoolwork
• A feeling of hopelessness
• Low self-esteem
• Changes in appetite
Signs and Symptoms
• Obvious changes in personality
• Changes in eating patterns
• Changes in sleep patterns
• General lethargy or lack of energy
• Violent actions, rebellion, or running away
• Symptoms that are often related to emotional state
(e.g., headaches, fatigue, stomach aches)
Test and Diagnosis
• Physical Exam
• Assessments:
(mental health condition)
Treatment
• Psychotherapy- also called psychological counseling or talk
therapy.
• Medications-Antidepressants, antipsychotic medications, anti-
anxiety medications and other medications for mental illness can
help reduce symptoms, which can help you feel less suicidal.
• Family support and education- Your loved ones can be both a
source of support and conflict. Involving them in treatment can
help them understand what you're going through, give them
better coping skills, and improve family communication and
relationships.
Nursing Interventions
• The individual must not be left alone
• Anything that the patient may use to hurt or kill himself or
herself must be removed
• The suicidal patient should be treated initially in a secure,
safe, and highly supervised
THANK YOU
&
GOD BLESS US ALL!
BSN IID - Group 6
Members: Topic Assigned:
• LIM, Michelle Scoliosis
• PAJAR, Mudzralyn T. Bone Tumor & Substance Abuse
• DE LEON, Isidore Traumatic Brain Injury
• GUMBAHALI,STD/STI
• JIMENO, Aileen STD/STI
• ASMAD, AdawiyaAmenorrhea & Dysmenorrhea
• QUE, Clarizza Obesity
• JAMIL, Khadija Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia
• BENSALI, Maeghan Suicide & Substance Abuse