NETWORKING

INTERNET
 The Internet or “Net” (network of networks) is the largest computer
network in the world that connects billions of computer users.
 The word internet comes from combination between
“interconnection” and “Network”
 Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via
communication channels and transmission media allow to share
resources (hardware, software, data, information).
 Generally nobody own internet.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World
Wide Web in 1989.
 Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in London, and his parents
were early computer scientists, working on one of the earliest computers.
 By October of 1990, Tim had written the three fundamental technologies that
remain the foundation of today’s web (and which you may have seen appear
on parts of your web browser):
 HTML: HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting) language for
the web.
 URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is unique and used
to identify to each resource on the web. It is also commonly called a URL.
 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked
resources from across the web.
HISTORY OF INTERNET
 (October 29, 1969), the first ARPAnet (later to be known as the Internet) link
was established between UCLA and SRI

 (March 1989), Tim Berners-Lee circulated a proposal for “Mesh” (later to be

known as the World Wide Web) to his management at CERN.

 This timeline highlights the major (and some minor) developments in the
evolution of these twin flowers of the digital age, one (the Internet) a network
infrastructure, the other (the Web) a software infrastructure layered on top of
it.
PROTOCOLS
 Network protocols are sets of established rules that dictate how to
format, transmit and receive data 
 Define a method of exchanging data over a computer network, such
as local area network, Internet, Intranet, etc.
 Each protocol has its own method of how to handle data in the
following situations.
 How data is formatted when sent.
 What to do with data once received.
 How data is compressed.
 How to check for errors in the data.
 A set of cooperating network protocols is called a protocol suite.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), dictates how information should
be packaged (turned into bundles of information called packets), sent,
and received, as well as how to get to its destination. 
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which acts as an alternative
communication protocol to TCP and is used to establish low-latency
 and loss-tolerating connections between applications and the
Internet(i.e. sacrifices reliability for speed and simplicity).
 Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive
messages at the Internet address level; and
 Additional network protocols that include the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each of which has
defined sets of rules to exchange and display information.
NETWORK DEVICES

 Hardware devices that are used to connect computers,

printers, fax machines and other electronic devices to a
network are called network devices.

 These devices transfer data in a fast, secure and

correct way over same or different networks.

 Some devices are installed on the device, like NIC card

or RJ45 connector, whereas some are part of the
network, like router, switch, etc.
SOME OF THE DEVICES ARE
 MODEM
 Modem is a device that enables a computer to send or receive data
over telephone or cable lines.
 Modem is a combination of two devices
− modulator and demodulator.
 The modulator converts digital data into analog data when the data
is being sent by the computer.
 The demodulator converts analog data signals into digital data
when it is being received by the computer.
 RJ45 Connector
 RJ45 is the acronym for Registered Jack 45.
 RJ45 connector is an 8-pin jack used by devices to physically
connect to Ethernet based local area networks (LANs). 

 Ethernet Card
 Ethernet card, also known as network interface card (NIC)
 Is a hardware component used by computers to connect
to Ethernet LAN and communicate with other devices on the
LAN.
 Repeaters
 Repeaters are network devices operating at
physical layer of the OSI model that amplify or
regenerate an incoming signal before
retransmitting it.
 Theyare incorporated in networks to expand its
coverage area.
 They are also known as signal boosters.
 Switch 
 A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a
design that can boost its efficiency(a large
number of ports imply less traffic) and
performance.
 A switch is a data link layer device. 
 The switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it
does not forward packets that have errors and
forward good packets selectively to correct port
only. 
 Hub 
 A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub
connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star
topology which connects different stations.
 Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to
all connected devices.  In other words, 
collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub
remains one. 
 Also, they do not have intelligence to find out best
path for data packets which leads to inefficiencies
and wastage.
 Bridge 
 A Bridge operates at data link layer.
A Bridge is a repeater, with add on the
functionality of filtering content by reading the
MAC addresses of source and destination.
 It
is also used for interconnecting two LANs
working on the same protocol.
 Ithas a single input and single output port,
thus making it a 2 port device.
  Routers 
 A router is a device like a switch that routes data
packets based on their IP addresses.
 Router is mainly a Network Layer device.
 Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together
and have a dynamically updating routing table based
on which they make decisions on routing the data
packets.
 Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected
through it.
 Gateway 
 A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to
connect two networks together that may work upon
different networking models.
 They basically work as the messenger agents that take
data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to
another system.
 Gateways are also called protocol converters and can
operate at any network layer.
 Gateways are generally more complex than switch or
router.
TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

 Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a

network are connected to each other and how they communicate is
determined by the network's topology.
 Mesh Topology

  Star Topology

  Bus Topology

  Ring Topology

  Tree Topology
BUS TOPOLOGY
 Bus topology is a network type in which every computer
and network device is connected to single cable. When it
has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus
topology.
 Advantages of Bus Topology
 It is cost effective.
 Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
 Used in small networks.
 Disadvantages of Bus Topology
 Cables fails then whole network fails.
 Ifnetwork traffic is heavy or nodes are more the
performance of the network decreases.
RING TOPOLOGY
 It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each
computer is connected to another computer, with the last
one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each
device.
 Advantages of Ring Topology
 Transmittingnetwork is not affected by high traffic or by adding
more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
 Cheap to install and expand
 Disadvantages of Ring Topology
 Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
 Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
 Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
STAR TOPOLOGY
 Inthis type of topology all the computers are connected to a single
hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others
nodes are connected to the central node.
 Advantages of Star Topology
 Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
 Hub can be upgraded easily.
 Easy to troubleshoot.
 Easy to setup and modify.
 Disadvantages of Star Topology
 Cost of installation is high.
 Expensive to use.
 If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes
depend on the hub.
MESH TOPOLOGY
 It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the
network nodes are connected to each other. Mesh has n(n-
1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
 Advantages of Mesh Topology
 Each connection can carry its own data load.
 It is robust.
 Fault is diagnosed easily.
 Provides security and privacy.
 Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
 Installation and configuration is difficult.
 Cabling cost is more.
 Bulk wiring is required.
TREE TOPOLOGY
 It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least
have three levels to the hierarchy.
 Advantages of Tree Topology
 Extension of bus and star topologies.
 Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
 Easily managed and maintained.
 Error detection is easily done.
 Disadvantages of Tree Topology
 Heavily cabled.
 Costly.
 If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
 Central hub fails, network fails.
THANK YOU