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Micro and macro

pollutants
By:- Dr Norashikin ahmad kamal
Lesson Plan
At the end of this topic, student should be
able :-
To understand the micro and macro
level of air pollution
To characterise the behaviour of air
pollution dispersion
Introduction :-  MICRO AND MACROSCALE OF
POLLUTION

Air pollution problems may occur on three scales:-

MICROSCALE
  range from those covering less than a centimeter to those the size of a house or
slightly larger.

MESOSCALE
 air pollution problems are those of a few hectares up to the size of a city or country.

MACROSCALE
 problems extend from countries to states, nations, and in the broadest sense, the
globe
Micro and Macro Scales of Air Pollution
Model
Factors of Air Pollution Dispersion

 meteorological conditions (especially wind speed, wind


direction and atmospheric stability),
 the emission height (e.g. ground level sources such as road
traffic or high level sources such as tall chimneys),
 local and regional geographical features,
 the source (e.g. fixed point, such as a chimney, or a
diffuse number of sources such as cars and solvents).
Dispersion = Advection (Transport) + Dilution (Diffusion)
Transport
Source Receptor

Re-entrainment

Fick’s law of diffusion J= - D * D C/Dx

Where, J= Mass Flux; D = Diffusivity coefficient,; D C/Dx = Concentration gradient

Diffusion of pollutants occur due to turbulence, which further depends upon many
factors:
a. Ambient temperature
b. Temperature of emissions
c. Roughness factors
d. Wind velocity
e. Wind direction
f. Humidity
g. Stability
Air Pollutant Cycle
Dispersion

 General mean air motion


 Turbulent velocity fluctuations
 Diffusion due to concentration gradients – from plumes
 Aerodynamic characteristics of pollution
 Particles
 Size
 Shape
 Weight
Turbulence

 Not always completely understood


 Two types:

i) Atmospheric heating
 Causes natural convection currents --- discussed
 Thermal eddies

ii) Mechanical turbulence


 Results from shear wind effects
 Result from air movement over the earth’s
surface, influenced by location of buildings and
relative roughness of terrain.
Lapse Rate
 Important characteristic of atmosphere is ability to resist vertical motion:
stability
 Dry adiabatic lapse rate =
Metric:
Γ = - 1°C/100m or
SI:
Γ = - 5.4°F/1000ft
 When small volume of air is displaced upward
 Encounters lower pressure
 Expands to lower temperature
 Assume no heat transfers to surrounding atmosphere
 Called adiabatic expansion
 Lapse rate is the negative of temperature gradient
Adiabatic Expansion
To determine the change in temp. with elevation due to adiabatic expansion
Atmosphere considered a stationary column of air in a gravitational field
Gas is a dry ideal gas
Ignoring friction and inertial effects

( dT/dz)adiabatic perfect gas = - (g M/ Cp)

T = temperature
z = vertical distance
g = acceleration due to gravity
M = molecular weight of air
Cp = heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
For this parcel of air the
Adiabatic change in temperature with
lapse rate altitude was:
Altitude, z (km) = (T2-T1)/(z2-z1)

z2 2 = (10-20)oC/(2000-1000)m
= -1 oC/100m
z1 1 When any parcel of air
moves up or down, it’s
temperature will change
according to the adiabatic
T2 lapse rate
T1
Temperature, T (oC)

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Stability
• Dry adiabatic lapse rate: temperature decreases with increased altitude

dT
  1.00C/100m -5.4
F/1000ft dz
• Atmospheric (actual) lapse rate
< Г (temperature falls faster) unstable (super-adiabatic)
> Г (temperature falls slower) stable (sub-adiabatic)
= Г (same rate) neutral

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Stable Conditions Air at a certain altitude
remains at the same
elevation.

Stable air
-0.5 oC/100 m > -1 oC/100m discourages the
dispersion and
actual temperature falls slower than Г
dilution of pollutants.
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Stability Classes

 Developed for use in dispersion models


 Stability classified into 6 classes (A – F)
A: strongly unstable
B: moderately unstable
C: slightly unstable
D: neutral
E: slightly stable
F: moderately stable
Example 1
Z(m) T(ºC)
10 5.11

202 1.09

T T 2  T1 1.09  5.11
   0.0209 C/m
z z 2  z1 202 10
 2.09 C/100
m
Since lapse rate is more negative than
Г,(-1.00 ºC/100m)=>atmosphere is unstable
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Unstable Conditions Rapid vertical
mixing takes
place.

-1.25 oC/100 m < -1 oC/100m Unstable air encourages the


dispersion and dilution of
actual temperature falls faster than Г
pollutants.
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Air at a certain altitude
Neutral Conditions remains at the same
elevation.

Neutrally stable air


-1 C/100 m
o = -1 C/100m
o
discourages the
dispersion and dilution of
pollutants.
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Why are these plumes so different?

neutral

under
inversion layer

Above
inversion

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Vertical Temperature Profiles
 Environmental lapse rate (ELR)
 Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR)
If,
 ELR > DALR =sub adiabatic condition,
atmosphere is stable.
 ELR >> DALR= Inversion conditions. Very
stable atmosphere.
 ELR= DALR= atmosphere is neutral.
 ELR< DALR = super adiabatic condition,
atmosphere is unstable.

Shapes of plumes depends upon atmospheric


stability conditions.
General Characteristics of Stack
Plumes
Dispersion of pollutants
Wind – carries pollution downstream from
source
Atmospheric turbulence -- causes pollutants to
fluctuate from mainstream in vertical and
crosswind directions
Mechanical & atmospheric heating both
present at same time but in varying ratios
Affect plume dispersion differently
Looping Plume
• High degree of convective
turbulence
• Superadiabatic lapse rate --
strong instabilities
• High probability of high
concentrations sporadically at
ground level close to stack.
• Occurs in unstable
atmospheric conditions.
Coning Plume
Stable with small-scale
turbulence
Associated with overcast
moderate to strong winds
Roughly 10° cone
Pollutants travel fairly long
distances before reaching
ground level in significant
amounts
Occurs in neutral
atmospheric conditions
Fanning Plume
Occurs under large
negative lapse rate
Extremely stable
atmosphere
Little turbulence
If plume density is similar
to air, travels downwind at
approximately same
elevation
Lofting Plume
Favorable in the sense
that fewer impacts at
ground level.
Pollutants go up into
environment.
They are created when
atmospheric conditions
are unstable above the
plume and stable below.
Fumigation
Most dangerous plume:
contaminants are all
coming down to ground
level.
This happens most often
after the daylight sun has
warmed the atmosphere,
which turns a night time
fanning plume into
fumigation for about a half
an hour.
Significance of the Dispersion Model
(Tiwari et al., 2019)
THANK YOU

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