SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

C H A P T E R

7 DATA MODELING
AND ANALYSIS

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Chapter Seven Data Modeling and Analysis

• Define systems modeling and differentiate between logical and physical
system models.
• Define data modeling and explain its benefits.
• Recognize and understand the basic concepts and constructs of a data model.
• Read and interpret an entity relationship data model.
• Explain when data models are constructed during a project and where the
models are stored.
• Discover entities and relationships.
• Construct an entity-relationship context diagram.
• Discover or invent keys for entities and construct a key-based diagram.
• Construct a fully attributed entity relationship diagram and describe all data
structures and attributes to the repository or encyclopedia.
• Normalize a logical data model to remove impurities that can make a database
unstable, inflexible, and nonscalable.
• Describe a useful tool for mapping data requirements to business operating
locations.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Chapter Map

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

System Models

A model is a representation of reality.

Logical models show what a system is or does. They are

implementation independent; that is, they depict the
system independent of any technical implementation.

Physical models show not only what a system is or does,

but also how the system is physically and technically
implemented.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling

Data modeling is a technique for organizing and

documenting a system’s data. Data modeling is
sometimes called database modeling because a data
model is eventually implemented as a database. It is
sometimes called information modeling.

The actual model is frequently called an entity

relationship diagram (ERD) because it depicts data in
terms of the entities and relationships described by the
data.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Sample Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Entity

An entity is a class of persons, places, objects, events, or

concepts about which we need to capture and store data.

Name of Entity

 Persons: agency, contractor, customer, department, division,

employee, instructor, student, supplier.
 Places: sales region, building, room, branch office, campus.
 Objects: book, machine, part, product, raw material, software license,
software package, tool, vehicle model, vehicle.
 Events: application, award, cancellation, class, flight, invoice, order,
registration, renewal, requisition, reservation, sale, trip.
 Concepts: account, block of time, bond, course, fund, qualification,
stock.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Entity

An entity instance is a single occurrence of an entity.

Example: instances of the entity STUDENT may include

 Betty Arnold
 John Taylor
 Lisa Simmons
 Bill Macy
 Heather Leath
 Tim Wrench

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Attributes

An attribute is a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity.

Synonyms include element, property, and field.
A compound attribute is one that actually consists of other
attributes
STUDENT

Na me
.L a s t N a m e
.F irs t N a m e
.M id d le In itia l
A d d re s s
.S tr e e t A d d r e s s
.C ity
.S ta te o r P ro v in c e
.C o u n try
.P o s ta l C o d e
Phone Num ber
.A r e a C o d e
.E x c h a n g e N u m b e r
.N u m b e r W ith in E x c h a n g e
D a te o f B irth
G ender
Race
M a jo r
G r a d e P o in t A v e ra g e

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Domains

The data type for an attribute defines what type of data

can be stored in that attribute.

The domain of an attribute defines what values an

attribute can legitimately take on.

The default value for an attribute is the value that will be

recorded if not specified by the user.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Identification

A key is an attribute, or a group of attributes, that assumes a

unique value for each entity instance.
A group of attributes that uniquely identifies an instance of an
entity is called a concatenated key.
A candidate key is a “candidate to become the primary key” of
instances of an entity.
A primary key is that candidate key that will most commonly be
used to uniquely identify a single entity instance.
Any candidate key that is not selected to become the primary key
is called an alternate key.
A subsetting criteria is an attribute (or concatenated attribute)
whose finite values divide all entity instances into useful subsets.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Identification Keys & Subsetting Criteria

STUDENT

S tu d e n t N u m b e r (P rim a ry K e y )
S o c ia l S e c u r ity N u m b e r (A lte r n a te K e y )
Nam e
.L a s t N a m e
.F irs t N a m e
.M id d le In itia l
A d d re s s
.S tr e e t A d d re s s
.C ity
.S ta te o r P ro v in c e
.C o u n try
.P o s ta l C o d e
Phone Num ber
.A re a C o d e
.E x c h a n g e N u m b e r
.N u m b e r W ith in E x c h a n g e
D a te o f B irth
G e n d e r (S u b s e ttin g C r ite r ia 1 )
R a c e (S u b s e ttin g C rite r ia 2 )
M a jo r (S u b s e ttin g C rite ria 3 )
G ra d e P o in t A v e r a g e

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Relationships

A relationship is a natural business association that exists

between one or more entities. The relationship may
represent an event that links the entities or merely a
logical affinity that exists between the entities.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Cardinality

Cardinality defines the minimum and maximum number

of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a
single occurrence of the other entity.
Because all relationships are bidirectional, cardinality
must be defined in both directions for every relationship.

bidirectional

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

The degree of a relationship is the number of entities that

participate in the relationship.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

A recursive relationship is a relationship that exists

between different instances of the same entity

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

Relationships may exist

between more than two
entities and are called
N-ary relationships.
The example ERD
depicts a ternary
relationship.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Degree

An associative entity is an
entity that inherits its
primary key from more
than one other entity
(called parents).

Each part of that

concatenated key points to
one and only one instance
of each of the connecting
entities.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys

A foreign key is a primary key of one entity that is contributed to
(duplicated in) another entity to identify instances of a relationship.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys

Nonidentifying relationships are those in which each of the
participating entities has its own independent primary key, In
other words, none of the primary key attributes is shared.
Identifying relationships are those in which the parent entity
contributes its primary key to become part of the primary key of
the child entity.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys

A nonspecific relationship (or many-to-many relationship) is one in which many
instances of one entity are associated with many instances of another entity.

Nonspecific
relationships
must be
resolved.
Most
nonspecific
relationships
can be
resolved by
introducing
an
associative
entity.
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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Resolving Nonspecific Relationships (continued)

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Resolving Nonspecific Relationships (continued)

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Entity Discovery for SoundStage

Entity Name Business Definition

agreement A contract whereby a member agrees to purchase a certain

number of products within a certain time. After fulfilling that
agreement, the member becomes eligible for bonus credits that
are redeemable for free or discounted products.

member An active member of one or more clubs.

Note: A target system objective is to re-enroll inactive members
as opposed to deleting them.

member order An order generated for a member as part of a monthly

promotion, or an order initiated by a member.
Note: The current system only supports orders generated from
promotions; however, customer initiated orders have been
given a high priority as an added option in the proposed
system.
transaction A business event to which the Member Services System must
respond.

product An inventoried product available for promotion and sale to

members.
Note: System improvement objectives include (1) compatibility
with new bar code system being developed for the warehouse,
and (2) adaptability to a rapidly changing mix of products.
promotion A monthly or quarterly event whereby special product offerings
are made available to members.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

The Context Data Model

MEMBER ORDER
is a
sells

responds to has
MEMBER TRANSACTION
conducted
places

PRODUCT generates

binds

PROMOTION AGREEMENT
features

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

The Key-based Data Model

MEMBER ORDER
is a
sells Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]

responds
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT to MEMBER
Primary Key
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK] places Member-Number [PK1] has
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
conducted

sold as

PRODUCT binds
generates
Primary Key TRANSACTION
Product-Number [PK1] Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]

AGREEMENT
is featured as
Primary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]

TITLE PROMOTION
Primary Key features PROMOTION
Product-Number [PK1] [FK] Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK] Promotion-Number [PK1]

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition Whitten Bentley Dittman

Data-to-Location-CRUD Matrix

. Warehouse

. Warehouse
. Advertsing
Location

San Francisco

. Warehose
. Marketing
Kansas City
Customers

San Diego
. Sales

. Sales

. Sales
. A/R

Boston
Entity . Attribute
Customer INDV ALL ALL SS SS SS SS
.Customer Number R R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Customer Name RU R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Customer Address RU R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Customer Credit Rating X R RU R R
.Customer Balance Due R R RU R R
Order INDV ALL SS ALL SS SS SS SS
.Order Number SRD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Order Date SRD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
.Order Amount SRD R CRUD CRUD R CRUD R CRUD R
Ordered Product INDV ALL SS ALL SS SS SS SS
.Quantity Ordered SUD R CRUD R CRUD R CRUD CRUD
.Ordered Item Unit Price SUD R CRUD CRUD R CRUD CRUD
Product ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL
.Product Number R CRUD R R R R R R R
.Product Name R CRUD R R R R R R R
.Product Description R CRUD RU R R R R R R
.Product Unit of Measure R CRUD R R R R R R R
.Product Current Unit Price R CRUD R R R R R R
.Product Quantity on Hand X RU R R RU R RU

INDV = individual ALL = ALL SS = subset X = no access

S = submit C = create R = read U = update D = delete

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