Operational Amplifiers

introduction
Introduction
The operational amplifier or op-amp is a circuit of
components integrated into one chip.
A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages
and has an inverting(-) and a non-inverting input
(+) and an output.
An op amp is an electronic device which provides
a voltage output based on the voltage input

introduction
 Basic op-amp

Op-amp has two inputs that connect to two terminals

and one output
introduction
Operational Amplifiers

Five important pins

 2 – The inverting input

 3 – The non-inverting input
 6 – The output
 4 – The negative power supply V- (-Vcc)
 7 – The positive power supply V+ (+Vcc)

introduction
 Operational Amplifiers
 The output of the op amp is given by the following
equation:

ed = e 1 – e 2
and eo = AVOL(ed)

 AVOL is called the open-loop voltage gain because it

is the gain of the op amp without any external feedback
from output to input introduction
Operational Amplifiers
 Positive Saturation –
where the output
voltage exceeds the
positive power input

introduction
Operational Amplifiers
 Linear Region –
where the output
voltage is linear
based on A (gain)

introduction
Operational Amplifiers
 Negative Saturation –
where the output
voltage would be less
than the negative
power input

introduction
Operational Amplifiers

introduction
What do they really look like?

introduction
IC Circuit

introduction
Operational Amplifiers

introduction
Operational Amplifiers
An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth,
we know this is impossible.
However, op-amps do have:
very high gain
very high input impedance(Zin = ∞)
very low output impedance (Zout = 0)
wide bandwidth.

introduction
Applications of op-amp
 Comparator (Pembanding)
 Inverter (Pengubah)
 Audio amplifier (Penguat Audio)
 Differential Amplifier (pembeda)
 Filter (Penapis)
 Summing Amplifier (Penjumlah)

application
 Op-amp Circuit Application
 Inverting Amplifier
 Non-Inverting Amplifier
 Summing Amplifier
 Unity Follower
 Difference Amplifier
 Integrators
 Differentiators

application
 Application: Inverting amplifier

 Provide a constant gain multiplier

 Input signal is connected to the inverting input of the op-
amp. Therefore, the output signal is 180 degree out of
phase from the input signal
 Rf is the feed-back resistor to control the voltage gain of
the op-amp application:inverting amplifier
Summary of op-amp behavior

Vo = A(V+ - V)
Vo/A = V+ - V
Let A infinity
then,
V+ - V 0

application:inverting amplifier
Application:Non-inverting amplifier

application:non-inverting amplifier
 Non-inverting configuration
Vi  V   V  I2
use KCL :
I1 Ii
I1  I i  I 2
Vi
while I i  0;
0  V  V   Vo
so : 
R1 R2
 0  Vi Vi  Vo
insert V  Vi ; 
R1 R2
 R2 
Vo  Vi 1  
 R1 
Application: Summing amplifier

Virtual-ground equivalent circuit.

application:summing amplifier
 Summing Amplifier
Rf
R1
V  V   0 V1
R2
use KCL : V2
R3
I R1  I R 2  I R 3  I i  I Rf
V3
while I i  0;
V1  V  V2  V  V3  V  V   Vo This circuit is called
so :    a weighted summer
R1 R2 R3 Rf
 V1 V2 V3  Vo
insert V  0;   
R1 R2 R3 Rf
 V1 V2 V3 
Vo   R f    
 R1 R2 R3 
Application: Unity Follower

VO  V1
application:unity-follower
Application:
Difference amplifier

R1  R2
R3  R4

R4
VO  (V1  V2 )
R2

application:difference amplifier
 Application:
Instrumentation Amplifier (Penguat Instrumentasi)
R2  2 RA 
VO 
R1

1  R  V2  V1 

 BR 
2

RA R1
Buffer
R2
RB R1

RA
R2

Difference amplifier
application:instrumentation amplifier
 Application:Integrator
Capaci tan ce impedance :
1 1
I IC XC  
jC sC

I  Ii  IC
vi (t ) dv0 (t )
 0C
R dt
Feedback component = capacitor : Integrator
1
vo (t )  
RC  vi (t )dt
application:integrator
Application:
Differentiation

IC  I R
dvi (t ) V   vo (t )
C 
dt R
dvi (t )
vo (t )   RC
application:differentiator
dt