Qamar Aftab 9996

Applied Linguistics
Defination

The branch of linguistics concerned with

practical applications of language studies.
For example: language teaching, translation
and speech therapy.
Major Branches Of Applied
Linguistics

Include bilingualism and multilingualism,

computer-mediated communication(CMC),
conversation analysis,language
assessment, literacies, discourse analysis
etc.
Branches Of Applied
Linguistics
1. Bilingual: Is defined as a person who can speak two
languages. Example: Bilingual is a person with the
ability to speak German and Italian.
 Bilingualism: Is the use of two languages, either
by
an individual speaker or by a community of
speakers.
CONTINUED…

2. Multilingualism: Is the use of more than one

language, either by an individual speaker or by a
community of speakers .
 People who can speak several languages are also
called POLYGLOTS.
Code Switching

Code switching is when a speaker

alternates between two or more
languages ( or dialects or varieties
of language ) in one conversation.
Code-Mixing
code-mixing is simply mixing of two
or more languages while
communicating . Now it is common
for a speaker who knows two or
more languages to take one word or
more than one word and introduce it
to another language.
Coninued..

IfI know French as well as English,

For example, there will be times
when I will mix some English words
in my French sentences.
4. Sign Linguistics:
Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure: two-
part model of the sign:
Signifier: Spoken word, written word, flag, etc –
something that represents a concept.
Signified: The concept that the signifier stands for.
For example: The word “cat” is the signifier, and the
concept of a cat is the signified.
Difference between Linguistics
and Applied Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of

languages and includes many theories to
include other branches and disciplines of
study such as psychology, sociology
anthropology, history, cognitive sciences
etc is used to explain a language theory
and it can be reffered as applied linguistic.
Continued…

Fields of study in applied linguistics

include sociolinguistics, phonetics,
historical linguistics, syntax, semantics,
stylistics, cognitive linguistics and not
limited to, second language acquisition
language testing, language program
evaluation, forensic linguistics, and
discourse analysis.
Continued…
Pure linguistics is more theoretical
and applied linguistics is more
practical and the testing of the
theories.
Applied Linguistics: The
Nineteenth Century
 In
1950s; Applied linguistics established as
generative linguistics.
 In1960s; Applied linguistics was expanded
to include language assessment, language
policy and second language acquisition.
CONTINUED…

 In 1970s; Applied linguistics became a problem-

driven field rather than theoretical linguistics,
including the solution of language-related
problems.
 In 1990s; Applied linguistics had broaden
including critical studies and multilingualism.
 Applied Linguistics: The
Twentieth Century
 Language teaching came into its own as
a profession in the twentieth century.
 The whole foundation on contemporary
language was developed as applied
linguistics and others sought to develop
principles and procedures for the
designs of teaching methods and
materials.
The Grammar Translation Method

 whereas today English is the world most

widely study Foreign language, Five
Hundered years ago it was Latin for it
was the dominant language of
education, congress, Religion and
Government in the western world.
Characteristics Of Grammar
Translation Method
 Reading and writing are the major focus; little or
no systematic attention is paid to speaking and
listening.
 Vocabulary selection is based solely on the
reading text used, and words are taught through
bilingual word lists, dictionary studies and
memorization.
 Thesentence is the basic unit of teaching and
language practice.
Direct Method

 Principles
for language teaching out of naturalistics ways
are seen as those of first language acquisition or to natural
methods which led to the development of the direct
method.
 Rather than analytical procedures that focus on
explanation grammar rules in classroom teaching,
teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous use of
the foreign language in the class room.
 Speakingbegan with attention to pronunciation. Known
words could be used to teach new vocabulary, using mime,
demonstration, and pictures.
The Audiolingual Method

 Program was established to train students to

attain conversational proficiency in a variety
of languages: German,French, Italian,
Chinese,Japanese etc.
 Although this program only lasted two years,
it attracted attention in the popular press
and in the academic community due to its
intensive oral-based approach.
SCOPE OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS

 Applied linguistic is the utilization of the

knowledge about the nature of the language
achieved by linguistic research for the
improvment of the efficiency of some practical
task in which language is a central component.
CONTINUED……

 Whenever knowledge about language is

used to slove a basic language-related
problem, one may say that applied
linguistics being practiced.
 Appliedlinguistic is a technology which
makes abstract ideas and research findings
accessible and relevant to the real world; it
mediates between theory and practice.