Chapter 11 Inheritance and Polymorphism

Chapter 11 Inheritance and
Polymorphism
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
1
Objectives
 To define a subclass from a superclass through inheritance (§11.2).
 To override instance methods in the subclass (§11.4).
 To distinguish differences between overriding and overloading (§11.5).
 To define polymorphism
 To explore the toString() method in the Object class (§11.6).
 To explore the equals method in the Object class (§11.10).
 To store, retrieve, and manipulate objects in an ArrayList (§11.11).
 To enable data and methods in a superclass accessible from subclasses using the
protected visibility modifier (§11.13).
 To prevent class extending and method overriding using the final modifier
(§11.14).
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Inheritance
Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all
the properties and behaviors of parent object.
The idea behind inheritance in java is that you can create new

classes that are built upon existing classes
Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-

child relationship.
Why use inheritance in java?
For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be
achieved).
For Code Reusability.
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Inheritance
Types:
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Inheritance
Multiple inheritance is not supported in java through class.

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple
inheritance is not supported in java.
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5
Using the Keyword super
The keyword super refers to the superclass
of the class in which super appears. This
keyword can be used in two ways:
 To call a superclass constructor
 To call a superclass method
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Defining a Subclass
A subclass inherits from a superclass. You can also:
 Add new properties
 Add new methods
 Override the methods of the superclass
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NOTE
Like an instance method, a static method can be inherited.
However, a static method cannot be overridden. If a static method
defined in the superclass is redefined in a subclass, the method
defined in the superclass is hidden.
Overloading occurs when two or more methods in one class
have the same method name but different parameters.
Overriding means having two methods with the same method

name and parameters (i.e., method signature). One of the
methods is in the parent class and the other is in the child class.
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Overriding vs. Overloading
public class Test { public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) { public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A(); A a = new A();
a.p(10); a.p(10);
a.p(10.0); a.p(10.0);
} }
} }
class B { class B {
public void p(double i) { public void p(double i) {
System.out.println(i * 2); System.out.println(i * 2);
} }
} }
class A extends B { class A extends B {

// This method overrides the method in B // This method overloads the method in B
public void p(double i) { public void p(int i) {
System.out.println(i); System.out.println(i);
} }
} }
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The Object Class and Its Methods
Every class in Java is descended from the
java.lang.Object class.
If no inheritance is specified when a class is
defined, the superclass of the class is Object.
public class Circle { public class Circle extends Object {

... Equivalent
...
} }
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Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take
on many forms. The most common use of
polymorphism in OOP occurs when a parent class
reference is used to refer to a child class object.
 Any Java object that can pass more than one IS-A
test is considered to be polymorphic. In Java, all
Java objects are polymorphic since any object
will pass the IS-A test for their own type and for
the class Object
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The instanceof Operator
Use the instanceof operator to test whether an object is an
instance of a class:
Object myObject = new Circle();

... // Some lines of code
/** Perform casting if myObject is an instance of
Circle */
if (myObject instanceof Circle) {
System.out.println("The circle diameter is " +
((Circle)myObject).getDiameter());
...
}
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The equals Method
The equals() method compares the
contents of two objects. The default implementation of the
equals method in the Object class is as follows:
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
public boolean equals(Object o) {

For example, the if (o instanceof Circle) {
equals method is return radius == ((Circle)o).radius;
overridden in }
the Circle else
return false;
class. }
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The ArrayList Class
You can create an array to store objects. But the array’s size is fixed
once the array is created. Java provides the ArrayList class that can
be used to store an unlimited number of objects.
java.util.ArrayList<E>
+ArrayList() Creates an empty list.
+add(o: E) : void Appends a new element o at the end of this list.
+add(index: int, o: E) : void Adds a new element o at the specified index in this list.
+clear(): void Removes all the elements from this list.
+contains(o: Object): boolean Returns true if this list contains the element o.
+get(index: int) : E Returns the element from this list at the specified index.
+indexOf(o: Object) : int Returns the index of the first matching element in this list.
+isEmpty(): boolean Returns true if this list contains no elements.
+lastIndexOf(o: Object) : int Returns the index of the last matching element in this list.
+remove(o: Object): boolean Removes the element o from this list.
+size(): int Returns the number of elements in this list.
+remove(index: int) : boolean Removes the element at the specified index.
+set(index: int, o: E) : E Sets the element at the specified index.
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Differences and Similarities between
Arrays and ArrayList
Operation Array ArrayList
Creating an array/ArrayList String[] a = new String[10] ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

Accessing an element a[index] list.get(index);
Updating an element a[index] = "London"; list.set(index, "London");
Returning size a.length list.size();
Adding a new element list.add("London");
Inserting a new element list.add(index, "London");
Removing an element list.remove(index);
Removing an element list.remove(Object);
Removing all elements list.clear();
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Accessibility Summary
Modifier Accessed Accessed Accessed Accessed

on members from the from the from a from a different
in a class same class same package subclass package
public
protected -
default - -
private - - -
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The final Modifier
 The final class cannot be extended:
final class Math {
...
}
 The final variable is a constant:

final static double PI = 3.14159;
 The final method cannot be

overridden by its subclasses.
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The Final Modifier - Variables
 Final Variables
 A final variable can be explicitly initialized only once. A reference variable
declared final can never be reassigned to refer to an different object.
 However, the data within the object can be changed. So, the state of the
object can be changed but not the reference.
 With variables, the final modifier often is used with static to make the
constant a class variable.
 Example:
public class Test {
final int value = 10; // The following are examples of declaring constants:
public static final int BOXWIDTH = 6;
static final String TITLE = "Manager";
public void changeValue()
{ value = 12; // will give an error }
}
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The Final Modifier - Methods
 Final Methods
 A final method cannot be overridden by any subclasses.
As mentioned previously, the final modifier prevents a
method from being modified in a subclass. The main
intention of making a method final would be that the
content of the method should not be changed by any
outsider.
 Example:
public class Test {
public final void changeName() {
// body of method
}}
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The Final Modifier - Classess
 Final Classes
 The main purpose of using a class being declared
as final is to prevent the class from being
subclassed. If a class is marked as final then no
class can inherit any feature from the final class.
 Example:
public final class Test { // body of class }
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Chapter 11 Inheritance and Polymorphism

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Chapter 11 Inheritance and

The idea behind inheritance in java is that you can create new

Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-

Multiple inheritance is not supported in java through class.

Overriding means having two methods with the same method

class A extends B { class A extends B {

public class Circle { public class Circle extends Object {

Object myObject = new Circle();

public boolean equals(Object o) {

Creating an array/ArrayList String[] a = new String[10] ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

Modifier Accessed Accessed Accessed Accessed

 The final variable is a constant:

 The final method cannot be

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