Time Frame of Philippine Literature in English

TIME FRAME
OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
IN ENGLISH
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
TIME FRAME OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
Pre – Spanish Literature

• CHARACTERIZED by legends, folk takes, epic,
folk songs, epigrams, riddles, chants, maxims,
proverbs or sayings, and sawikain.
• These showed and proved existence of a native

culture.
• Some of these were passed on by word of

mouth till they reached the hands of some
publishers or printers who took interest in
printing the manuscripts of the ancient
Filipinos.
Pre – Spanish Literature
THE EPIC AGE FOLK SONGS
• Biag ni Lam-ang – Iloco epic • Kumintang
• Bidasari-Moro epiC • Kumintang o
• Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic Tagumpay
• Maragtas-Visayan epic • Ang Dalit o Imno
• Haraya-Visayan epic • Ang Oyayi o Hele
• Lagda-Visayan epic
• Diana
• Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic
• Soliraning
• Kumintang-Tagalog epic
• Talindaw
• Parang Sabir-Moro epic
• “Dagoy” at “Sudsod”-Tagbanua epic
• Tatuaang-Bagobo epic
• Indarapatra at Sulayman
OTHER FORMS OF LITERATURE

Legends Folk tales Folk songs Epigrams
Riddles Chants Maxims Proverbs or Sayings
SPANISH
PERIOD
SPANISH PERIOD
INFLUENCE OF SPANISH TO
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
1. The ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman
Alphabet.
2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became
the basis of religious practices.
3. The Spanish language became the literary
language and lent many of its words to the
Philippine language.
4. European legends and traditions became
assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-
moros.
5. Ancient literature was collected and translated
to Tagalog and other dialects.
6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino,
like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan
7. Our periodicals during these times gained a
Spanish Period Literature
BOOKS RECREATIONAL
• Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian PLAYS
Doctrine) • Tibag
• Nuestra Señora del Rosario • Lagaylay
• Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de • Cenaculo
Hombre • Panunuluyan
• Ang Barlaan at Josephat (1st tagalog novel • Salubong
printed in the Philippines)
• • Carillo (Shadow Play)
The Pasion
• Urbana at Feliza • Zarzuela
• Ang mga Dalit kay Maria • Sainete
LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
• Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog
language)
• Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog
language)
• Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary)
• Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary)
• Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary)
• Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language)
• Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol language)
PERIOD
OF
ENLIGHTENME
NT
PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
• After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule,
the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests
Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined
without sufficient evidence of guilt. This
occurred on the 17th of February. This was
buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the
Philippines opened its doors to world trade and
with the coming of a liberal leader in the person
of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre.
• The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide
of rebellion among the Filipinos.
• The once religious spirit transformed itself into
one of nationalism and the Filipinos demanded
changes in the government and in the church.
PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
THE PERIOD OF ACTIVE REVOLUTION
• The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the
propagandists. The government turned deaf ears to these
petitions; oppression continued and the church and the
government became even more oppressive to the Filipinos.
The good intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars who
were lording it over in the Philippines.
• Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La

Liga Filipina (a civic organization suspected of being
revolutionary and which triggered Rizal’s banishment to
Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario
Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there
was no other way except to revolt.
• The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against

the government and was meant to arouse the people to unite
and to prepare for independence.
Period of Enlightenment
WRITERS (Propaganda WRITERS (Active
Movement) Revolution)
• Jose P. Rizal • Andres Bonifacio
• Marcelo H. del Pilar • Apolinario Mabini
• Graciano Lopez Jaena • Emilio Jacinto
• Antonio Luna • Jose Palma
• Mariano Ponce
• Pedro Paterno
• Jose Ma. Panganiban
IMPORTANT WORKS (Propagana IMPORTANT WORKS (Active

Movement) Revolution)
• Noli Me Tangere • Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
• El Filibusterismo Tagalog
• Mi Ultimo Adios • Kartilya ng Katipunan
• La Solidaridad • The Philippine National
• Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa Anthem
• Ang Fray Botod • La Indipendencia
• Noche Buena • La Republica Filipina
• Mga Alamat ng Bulacan • La Libertad
• Ninay • Heraldo dela Revolucion
• Ang Lupang Tinubuan
THE AMERICAN
REGIME
THE AMERICAN REGIME

• The Filipino Revolutionists won against the
Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300
years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as
a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the
Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
• The peace movements started as early as 1900.

Many Filipinos started writing again and the
nationalism of the people remained undaunted.
• Filipino writers went into all forms of literature

like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays,
essays, and novels. Their writings clearly
depicted their love of country and their longings
for independence.
Literatures from the American Regime
FILIPINO WRITERS (in NEWSPAPERS
Spanish) • El Nuevo Dia (The
• Cecilio Apostol New Day)
• Fernando Ma. Guerrero • El Grito del Pueblo
• Jesus Balmori (Call of the Nation)
• Manuel Bernabe • El Renacimiento
• Claro M Recto
(The Rebirth)
• Adelina Guerrea
• Isidro Marpori
• Macario Adriatico
• Epifania delos Santos
• Pedri Aunario
PLAYS:
• Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas
• Tanikalang Ginto
• Malaya
• Walang Sugat (Severino Reyes – Father of Filipino Drama)
(The Rise of Filipino/ Tagalog Literature)
POETRY – 3 KINDS OF TAGALOG
POETS
1. POETS OF THE HEART (Makata ng SHORT STORIES
Puso) • Mga Kwentong Ginto
 Lope K. Santos • Kwentong Ginto ng
 Inigo Ed Regalado
 Carlos Gatmaitan
50 Batikang
 Amado V. Hernandez Kwentista
 Nemecio Carabana • Parolang Ginto
 Mar Antonio • Talaang Bughaw
2. POETS OF LIFE (Makata ng Buhay)
 Lope K. Santos NOVELS
 Jose Corazon de Jesus • Ninay
 Florentino Collantes • Anak ng Dagat
 Patricio Mariano

(Patricio Mariano)
Carlos Gatmaitan
 Amado V. Hernandez • Bunganga ng Pating
3. POETS OF THE STAGE (Makata ng (Julian Cruz
Tanghalan) Balmaceda)
 Aurelio Tolentino
 Mariano Severino
(Literatures from other Regions)
PAMPANGO VISAYAN
LITERATURE LITERATURE
• Juan Crisostomo Soto
(Father of • Edilberto Gumban
Kapampangan (Father of Visayan
Literature) Literature)
• Aurelio Tolentino – • Magdalena Jalandoni -
translated Kahapon, novelist; wrote Ang
Ngayon at Bukas
(Napon, Ngeni at Bukas Tunuksan Isa Ca
Bulaclac
ILOCO LITERATURE
• Pedro Bukaneg (Father of Iloco Literature) – from his name was
derived the world BUKANEGAN (Balagtasan), a poetic contest
in ilocano.
• Claro Caluya (Prince of Ilocano Poets
• Leon Pichay – known as the best Bukanegero in the Ilocos
region
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION (1898-
1910)
• English as a literary vehicle came with the American
occupation in August 13, 1898 and as they say, a choice
bestowed on us by history. By 1900, English came to be used
as a medium of instruction in the public schools. From the
American forces were recruited the first teachers of English.
• By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using

English. It was also about this time when UP, the forerunner in
the use of English in higher education, was founded).
• Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound

freedom after the paralyzing effect of repression of thought
and speech under the Spanish regime. They were adjusting
the idea of democracy, to the new phraseology of the English
language and to the standards of the English literary style
Writers had to learn direct expression as conditioned by direct

THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910 - 1924)
• By 1919, the UP College Folio published the
literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in
English. They were the pioneers in short story
writing.
• They were then groping their way into
imitating American and British models which
resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural style,
lacking vitality and spontaneity. Their models
included Longfellow and Hawthorne, Emerson
and Thoreau, Wordsworth and Tennyson,
Thackeray and Macaulay, Longfellow, Allan
Poe, Irving and other American writers of the
Romantic School.
• Writers of this folio included Fernando
Maramag (the best editorial writer of this
period) Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente
del Fierro, and Francisco M. Africa and Victoriano
THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION (1898-1910)
• El Renacimiento and Philippines Free Press were two major
periodicals that were established this year.
• POETRY: Sursum Corda (Justo Juliano), My Mother and Air
Castles (Jan F. Salazar), To My Lady in Laoag (proceso
Sebastian)
THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1924)

• The UP College Folio – 1st Filipino writers in English imitating
American and British models (Fernando Maramag, Juan
Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro).
• ESSAYIST – Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bacobo, Mauro Mendez,
and Vicente Hilario.
• INFORMAL ESSAY, CRITICISM AND JOURNALISTIC COLUMN –
Ignacio Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P. Lopez,
Jose Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit.
• SHORT STORIES – Dead Stars (Paz Marquez Benitez)

THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND
GROWTH (1925-1941)
• By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of
English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote
on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and
youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the
novel and the drama.
• Poems became patriotic, religious, descriptive and reflective
poems as well. Poets wrote in free verse, in odes and sonnets
and in other types. Poetry was original, spontaneous,
competently written and later, incorporated social
consciousness.
• Short stories were still remnants of Spanish influence in the
use of expressions that were florid, sentimental, exaggerated
and bombastic. The influence of the Western culture also was
already evident.
• Essays during this period improved with the years in quality
and quantity, in content, subject and style. Essayists like
Carlos P. Romulo became even more eminent editorial writers.
PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH
(1925-1941)
• POETRY – Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa,
Agela Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Zubido, Trinidad Tarrosa
Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa.
• SHORT STORY – Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo Rotor, Paz
Latorena (Sunset), Jose Garcia Villa (Mirin-isa), Jose Lansang
(The Broken Parasol), Sinai C. Hamada (Talanata’s Wife),
Fausto Dugenio (Waterlust), Amando G. Dayrot (His Gift and
Yesterday) and Amador Daguio (The Wman Who Looked Out of
the Window).
• ESSAYS
– Political and reflective essayist: Federico Mangahas, Salvador P. Lopez,
Pura S. Castrence, Vicente Slbano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and Jose A.
Lansang.
– Critical essayist – Salvador P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manlapaz, Jose
Garcia Villa, Arturo Rotor, and Leopoldo Y Yabes.
– Personal and Familiar essayist: F.B. Icasiano, Alfred E. Litiatco, Solomon V.
Arnaldo, Amando G. Dayrit and Consuelo Gar.
• BIOGRAPHY – I.P. Caballero and Marcelo de Gracia
Concepcion(Quezon), Carlos Quirino (The Great Malayan),
I>V> Mallari (The Birth of Discontent)
THE JAPANESE
PERIOD
THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941 – 1945)

• Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in
its development when the Philippines was again conquered by
another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English
came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE
REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the
Japanese.
• This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which

experienced renewed attention because writers in English
turned to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to write in
English turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of
the Japanese regarding any writing in English.
• The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance

until it was managed by Japanese named Ishiwara.
• In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this

period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics
and themes were often about life in the provinces
THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941 – 1945)

THE FILIPINO POETRY
• The common theme of most poems during the
Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love,
and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
THE FILIPINO DRAMA
• The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese
period because movie houses showing American
films were closed. The big movie houses were just
made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were
reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The
translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto
Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They also founded
the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic
Philippines.
THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY
• The field of the short story widened during the
Japanese
Literatures from the Japanese Regime
DRAMA TYPES OF
• Jose Ma. Hernandez – Panday Pira
• Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Sa Pula, Sa
POETRY
Puti • Haiku
• Clofualdo del Mundo – Bulaga • Tanaga
• Julian Cruz Balmaceda – Sino Ba • Karamiwang Anyo
Kayo, Dahil sa Anal and Higante ng
Patay
SHORT STORIES
• Narciso Reyes – Lupang Tinubuan
• Liwayway Arceo – Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa
• NVM Gonzales – Lunsod, Nayon at Dagat-dagatan
• Carlos Bulosan – The Laughter of my Father
• Manuel E. Arguilla – How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife
OTHER LITERARY PIECES
• Like the Molave (poetry)– Rafael Zulueta
• Literature and Society (Essay) - Salvador P. Lopez
• His Native Soil (Novel ) – Juan Laya
THE REBIRTH OF
FREEDOM
THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946 –

• 1970)
The Americans returned in 1945. On July 4, 1946,
the Philippines regained is freedom and the Filipino
flag waved joyously alone. The chains were broken.
• The early post-liberation period was marked by a

kind of “struggle of mind and spirit” posed by the
sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild
desire to see print.
• There was a proliferation of newspapers like the

FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, of Sergio Osmeña Sr.,
DAILY MIRROR of Joaquin Roces, EVENING NEWS of
Ramon Lopezes and the BULLETIN of Menzi. This
only proved that there were more readers in English
than in any over vernaculars like Tagalog, Ilocano or
Hiligaynon.
The Rebirth of Freedom
LITERARY PIECES POETRY IN ENGLISH
• THE VOICE OF THE • Heart of the Islands (Manuel
VETERAN – a compilation of Viray)
the best works of some Ex- • Philippines Cross Section
USAFFE men like Amante (Maximo Ramos and Florentino
Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz, Valeros)
• Prose and Poems (Nick
Ramon de Jesus and J.F. Joaquin)
Rodriguez. • Philippine Writing (T.D.
• TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and Agcaoili)
PASSION and DEATH OF • Philippine Harvest (Amador
THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Daguio)
Guerrero • Horizon Least (Artemio Patacsil
and Silverio Baltazar)
• FOR FREEDOM AND • Who Spoke of Courage in His
DEMOCRACY – by S.P. Sleep (N.V.M. Gonzales)
Lopez • Speak Not, Speak Also
(Conrado V. Pedroche)
• BETRAYAL IN THE • Have Come, Am Here (Jose
PHILIPPINES – by Hernando Garcia Villa)
NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH
• Without Seeing the Dawn (Stevan Javallana)
• Pen Anthology of Short Stories (Francisco Arellana)
• The Hand of the Enemy (Kerima Polotan)
• The Trial of Professor Riego and The Distant City (Luis V.
Teodoro)
BOOKS PUBLISHED IN FILIPINO

• Mga Piling Katha (Alejandro Abadilla)
• Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog (Teodoro Agoncillo)
• Ako’y Isang Tinig (Genoveva Edroza Matute)
• Mga Piling Sanaysay (Alejandro Abadilla)
• Maikling Katha ng Dalawampung Pangunahing Autor (A.G.
Abadilla and Ponciano E.P. Pineda)
• Parnasong Tagalog collection of selected poems by Huseng
Sisiw and Balagtas (A.G. Abadilla)
• Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan (Kapisanang Aklat ng Diwa at
Panitik)
• Pitong Dula (Dionisio Salazar)
THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946 –

1970)
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE
• Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived
during this period. Most themes in the writings
dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life
under the Japanese government and the brave
guerilla exploits.
• Newspapers and magazine publications were re-
opened like the Bulaklak, Liwayway, Ilang Ilang and
Sinag Tala. Tagalog poetry acquired not only rhyme
but substance and meaning. Short stories had
better characters and events based on facts and
realities and themes were more meaningful. Novels
became common but were still read by the people
for recreation
THE LAUNCHING OF THE PALANCA

AWARDS
• Headed by Carlos Palanca Sr. in 1950
• The first awardees in 1950-1951
– 1st PRIZE – Kwento ni Mabuti (Genoveva Edroza)
– 2nd PRIZE – Mabangis Kamay… Maamong Kamay
(Pedro S. Dandan)
– 3rd PRIZE – Planeta, Buwan at mga Bituin (Elpidio P.
Kapulong)
THE PERIOD OF
ACTIVISM
THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970 –

• 1972)
According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72
was due to domestic and worldwide causes. Activism is
connected with the history of our Filipino youth.
• Because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek

reforms. Some continued to believe that the democratic
government is stable and that it is only the people
running the government who are at fault. Some believed
that socialism or communism should replace democracy.
Some armed groups were formed to bring down the
democratic form of government.
• Many young people became activists to ask for changes

in the government. In the expression of this desire for
change, keen were the writings of some youth who were
fired with nationalism in order to emphasize the
importance of their petitions.

THE SEED OF ACTIVISM1972)
• The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of
Martial Law in 1972.
• The revolution against the powerful forces in the
Philippines can be said to be the monopoly of the youth
in whose veins flow the fire in their blood.
PERIOD OF BLOODY PLACARDS
• This was the time when the youth once more proved that
it is not the constant evasion that shapes our race and
nationalism.
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
• The youth became completely rebellious.
• Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions.
• The literature of the activists reached a point where they
stated boldly what should be done to effect these
changes.
Literatures during the Period of Activism
(winners of the Palanca awards)
ENGLISH SHORT STORIES)
• The Ritual; The Archipelago (Cirilo F. Bautista)
• Beast in the Fields (Resil Mojares)
• Children of the City (Amadis Ma. Guerrero)
• Five Poems (Wilfredo Pascua Sanchez
• From Mactan to Mendiola (Frederico Licsi
ONE ACT PLAY

• The Grotesque Among Us (Maiden Flores)
BOOK PUBLISHED
• Days of Disquiet, Night of Rage; the First Quarters Storm and
Related Events
Literatures during the Period of Activism
(winners of the Palanca awards)
ENGLISH POETRY
• The Tomato Game (N.V.M. Gonzales)
• The Apollo Centennial (Gregorio C. Brillantes)
• After This, our Exile (Elsa Martinez Coscolluela)
• Batik Maker and Other Poems (Virginia R. Moreno)
• The Edge of the Wind (Artemio Tadena)
• Tinikling (A Sheaf of Poems) (Frederico Licsi Espino, Jr.)
• Grave for Blue Flower (Jesus T. Peralta)
• The Undiscovered Country (Manuel M. Martell)
• The Boxes (Rolando S. Tinio)
• Now is the Time for all Good Men to Come to the Aid of their
Country (Julian E. Dacanay)
• The Renegade (Elsa Martinez Coscolluela)

• 1972)
JOSE F. LACABA’s book triggered writers to become
more vocal of their anguish and frustrations in words
describing themselves as “gasping for the air, thirsting
for the water of freedom.” Thus, the Philippine Center
for the International PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Novelists)
held a conference centering on the “writer’s lack of
freedom in a climate of fear.”
• Journalists came up with resolutions that pleaded for
causes other than their own – like the general amnesty
for political prisoners, and other secret decrees
restricting free expression.
• They requested editors and publishers to publish the real
names of writers in their columns. It called on media to
disseminate information on national interest without
partisan leanings and resolved to be united with all
causes decrying oppression and repression.
THE
PERIOD
OF NEW
SOCIETY
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-

1980)
• The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972.
• Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development

or progress of the country – like the Green Revolution, family
planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and
pollution.
• The New Society tried to stop pornography or those writings
giving bad influences on the morals of the people.
• All school newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with
school organizations.
• The Ministry of Public Affairs supervised the newspapers,
books and other publications.
• The government took part in reviving old plays like the
Cenaculo, the Zarzuela and the Embayoka of the Muslims.
The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater
and even the old Metropolitan Theater were rebuilt in order to
have a place for these plays.
• The weekly publications like KISLAP, and LIWAYWAY helped a
lot in the development of literature. These became outlets for
our writers to publish many of their works.

FILIPINO POETRY
•
1980)
Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native
culture, customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings.
• Many more composers added their bit during this period.
Among them were Freddie Aguilar, Jose Marie Chan and the
group Tito, Vic and Joey.
THE PLAY
• The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the
Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims
which were presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the
Folk Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
• Many schools and organizations also presented varied plays.
• The following organizations contributed a lot to the
development of plays during this period:
1. PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka
2. Repertory Philippines: of Rebecca Godines and Zenaida
Amador
3. UP Repertory of Behn Cervantes
4. Teatro Filipino by Rolando Tinio

1980)
RADIO AND TELEVISION
• Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The
play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO,
and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those
without television. Even the new songs were first heard
over the airwaves.
• Popular television plays were GULONG NG PALAD, FLOR
DE LUNA, and ANNA LIZA.
• SUPERMAN AND TARZAN were also popular with the
youth
FILIPINO FILMS
• A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino
Film Festival) was held during this time. During the
festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino
films were shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.
• New kinds of films without sex or romance started to be
made but which were nevertheless well-received by the
public
Literatures during the Period of the New Society
POETS
• Ponciano Pineda • Vicente Dimasalang
• Aniceto Silvestre • Cir Lopez Francisco
• Jose Garcia Revelo • Pelagio Sulit Cruz
• Bienvenido Ramos
PLAYS
• Sining Embayoka – Mindanao State University
• Tales of Manuvu ( a new style of rock of the ballet opera)
FILMS
• Maynila… Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Lino Brocka)
• Minsa’y Isang Gamu-gamo (Nora Aunor)
• Ganito Kami Noon… Paano Kayo Ngayon (Christopher de Leon)
• Insiang (hilda Coronel)
• Aguila (Fernando Poe Jr.)

1980)
COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
• During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned
new forms. News on economic progress, discipline, culture,
tourism and the like were favored more than the
sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.
• Liwayway was the leading magazine.
THE PALANCA AWARDS

• The Palanca Awards established in 1950 continued to
give honor to great writers.
Literatures during the Period of the New Society
Some Winners in the Palanca Awards
SHORT STORY PLAY

• Spots on their Wings and • The Heart of Emptiness is
Other Stories (Antonio Back (Ricardo Demetillo)
Enriquez)
• The Cries of Children on an • A Life in the Slums
April Afternoon in the Year (Rolando S. Tinio)
1957 (Gregorio C. Brillantes) • AfterCare (Juan H. Alegre)
• The Day of the Locusts • Dulce Extranjera (Wilfredo
(Leoncio P. Deriada) D. Nollede)
• Romance and Faith on Mount • Go, Rider (Azucena Crajo)
Banahaw (Alfred A. Yuson)
• Password (Paul Stephen
Lim)
POETRY
• Charts (Cirilo F. Bautista)
• Montage (Ophelia A. Dimalanta)
• Identities (Artemio Tadena)
• Telex Moon (Cirilo F. Bautista)
THE PERIOD OF
THE THIRD
REPUBLIC
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

(1981-1985)
• After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of
the Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial Rule
was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.
• the Philippines became a new nation and this; former

President Marcos called “The New Republic of the Philippines
”, but a historian called this the Third Republic.
• During this period, it cannot be denied that many people

seethed with rebellion and protest because of the continued
oppression and suppression and this was aggravated with the
assassination of Senator Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. on August 21,
1983.

FILIPINO POETRY (1981-1985)
• Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic
and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism
against the government. The supplications of the people were
coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting
language.
FILIPINO SONGS
• Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-
life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of
God, of country and of fellowmen.
• Many composers, grieved over Ninoy Aquino’s treacherous
assassination, composed songs
PHILIPPINE FILMS
• The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during
this period. The people’s love for sex films also was unabated.
Many producers took advantage of this at the expense of
public morality.

POETRY IN ENGLISH(1981-1985)
• Poets, surprisingly, by common consent, found themselves
writing on a common subject.
• The themes of most during this time dealt with courage, shock
and grief over the “treachery inflicted upon Aquino.”
MEDIA
• For journalists, it was a year loaded with libel charges, lawsuits
and seditious trials which they gallantly bore as harassment
suits.
• In campuses, newspapers were set afire to protest lack of free
expression. Journalists suffered physically and otherwise.
• Opposition tabloids flourished. They sold out papers with the
red news to the starved public; hence, smut magazines like
the TIKTIK, PLAYBOY SCENE, and SAKDAL also played the
sidewalks
• Radio led by RADIO VERITAS started reporting coverage of
demonstrations. Information Minister Gregorio Cendaña called

CHILDREN’S BOOKS(1981-1985)
• Among the well-loved forms of writing which abounded during
this period were those of children’s stories. The Children’s
Communication Center (CCC) directed by poet and writer
Virgilio S. Almario already has built up an impressive collection
of these kinds of books.
PROSE FABLES
• The people’s cry of protest found outlets not only in poetry but
also in veiled prose fables which transparently satirized the
occupants of Malacañang.
• In all the fables, the king, differently referred to as Totus
Markus or the king or Haring Matinik was meant to poke fun at
the ruler at Malacañang; similarly, Reyna Maganda or the
Queen, was a veiled thrust at his queen. They were both
drunk with power and were punished in the end for their
misdeeds.
Literatures during the Period of the Third Republic
CHILDREN’S BOOKS
• Plays for Children (Jame B. PROSE FABLES
Reuters, S.J.) • The Crown Jewels of
• Story Telling for Young Heezenhurst (Sylvia
Children Mendez Ventura)
• Jose and Cardo (Peggy Corr • The Emperor’s New
Manuel) Underwear (Meynardo A.
• Laho: 5 Filipino Folk Tales Macaraig)
• Rizaliana for Children: • The King’s Cold (Babath
Illustrations and Folktales by Lolarga)
Jose P. Rozal(annotated by • The case of the Missing
Alfredo Navrro Salanga) Charisma (Sylvia L.
• Gatan and Talaw (Jaime Alipit Mayugba)

(1981-1985)
THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH AT
THIS TIME
• Isagani Cruz, writing about Philippine literature in the “Age of
Ninoy,” makes the following observations: “Philippines
literature is definitely changing,” and he summarizes these as
follows:
1. Change in the direction of greater consciousness in
content and form.
2. Change in the number of readers and the number of
writers and the kind of class of writers. Writers who joined
the ranks came not only from the established or
professional groups but from all ranks – clerks, secretaries,
drivers, housewives, students; in short, the masses.
3. The resurgence of Balagtasismo and the continued
dominance of Modernismo. While Balagtasismo turned its
back on the American challenge to Philippine literature its
conservative conventions, Modernismo adapted
Americanization for its own ends.
4. The birth of a new poetic movement still dims in outline.
SOME WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD
• PHILIPPINE FOLK LITERATURE (Damiana Eugenio)

• ADVENTURES OF MARIAN (Carissa Orosa Uy)
• SOMEWHERE BETWEEN YOUR SMILE AND YOUR FROWN
AND OTHER POEMS (Bienvenido M. Noeiga Jr.)
• PARES-PARES (Bienvenido M. Noriega Jr.)
• AGON: POEMS, 1983 (Edgar B. Maranan)
• THE FARMER (Alfredo Navarro Salanga)
• THE ROAD TO MOWAB AND OTHER STORIES (Leoncio P.
Deriada)
Palanca Award Winners
1981
In Hog Heaven (Jessie B. Garcia)
The Party Hopper (Luning Bonifacio-Ira)
In These Hallowed Halls (Jesus Q. Cruz )
1982
Heart Island (Jose Dalisay Jr.)
Pas de Deux (Azucena Grajo Uranza)
The Sky Is Always Blue (Joe Marie A. Abueg)
1982
Oldtimer (Jose Dalisay Jr )
Games (Jesus O. Cruz )
Perfect Sunday (Jose Y. Ayala )
• First Prize in poetry (Pilipino): Jose F. Lacaba
• Second Prize (English essay): Gregorio Brillantes
• Third Prize (English essay): Adrian Cristobal
Palanca Award Winners
1984
The Reprieve (Susan S. Lara)
The Tangerine Gumamela (Sylvia Mendez Ventura)
The Little Wars of Filemon Sayre (Lemuel
Torrevillas)
Stranger in an Asian City (Gregorio Brillantes)
1985
The Hand of God (Conrado de Quiros)
A Novel Prize for Jorge (Eli Ang Barroso)
Mecca of the East (Charles Loong)
THE PERIOD
AFTER
THE EDSA
REVOLUTION
PERIOD AFTER EDSA REVOLUTION

(1986-1999)
• History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people
regained their independence which they lost twenty years
ago.
• In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-
called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the
people barricaded the streets petitioning the government for
changes and reforms. Freedom became a reality – won
through a peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed revolution.
• Philippine society was in turmoil for a few weeks but the

rejoicing after the Pres. Marcos was toppled down from power
was sheer euphoria. Singing, dancing and shouting’s were the
order of the day.
• To the Filipino people, this is the true Philippine Republic, the

true Republic of the Philippines.

(1986-1999)
THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
On Newspapers and other publications:
• Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers
became instant opposition papers overnight. This was true of
BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper. The
now crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in
circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S
JOURNAL.
• Columnists became vocal and unrestricted in their writings
and a bumper crop of young journalists emerged.
• By June 12, 1986, a total of 19 local dailies both in English and
Filipino were in circulation.
On Books:
• Two books were conceived during the period. PEOPLE POWER
was produced under a grant by the PCI Bank Human
Resources Development Foundation, edited by Monina Allarey
Mercado and published by the James B. Reuter, S.J. Foundation
• Another one BAYAN KO was published by Project 28 Days LTD.
in June, 1986 in Kowloon, Hong Kong and co-published in the
Philippines by Veritas Publications and Communications
Foundation.

(1986-1999)
FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS PERIOD
• An album named HANDOG NG PILIPINO SA MUNDO

carried a compilation of some of these. The song
that continued to be sung throughout the trying
period of the Revolution, almost like a second
national anthem and which gave fire to the Filipino
spirit was BAYAN KO. Its lyrics were written by Jose
Corazon de Jesus way back in 1928.
THE 21 CENTURY
ST
LITERATURE
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
WHAT IS 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
• New literary works created within the last

decade.
• Written by contemporary authors.
• Deals with current themes/ issues and
reflects a technological culture.
• Often breaks traditional writing rules.
• Emerging genres like IM and blog format
books, diigi-fiction and doodle.

WHO IS THE 21ST CENTURY READER?
• They grew up using technology as a primary

learning tool.
• They are capable of navigating and
interpreting digital formats and media
messages.
• They possess literacy skills which include
technological abilities such as keyboarding,
internet navigation, interpretation of
technological speak, ability to communicate
and interpret coded language and decipher
graphics.
THE NEW CONTEXT OF THE 21ST CENTURY

LITERACY
• Society and technology change, so literacy

also changes.
• Technology has increased the intensity and
complexity of literate environments.
• This century demands that a literate person
possesses a wide range of abilities and
competencies, many literacies.
• These literacies – from reading online
newspapers to participating in virtual
classrooms – are multiple, dynamic, and
malleable.
THE NEW CONTEXT OF THE 21ST CENTURY

LITERACY
• The 21st century readers and writers need to

develop proficiency with the tools of
technology.
• Build relationships with others to pose and
solve problems collaboratively and cross-
culturally.
• Design and share information for global
communities to meet a variety of purposes.
• Manage, analyze and synthesize multiple
streams of simultaneous information.
• Create, critique, analyze, ad evaluate multi-

THE 21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES

• Illustrated Novels
– Textual portions are presented in traditional form
– Some illustrated novels may contain no text at
all.
– Illustrated novels spa all genres.

• Digi-fiction
– Is a literary experience that combines three
media: book, movie/video, and internet website.
– In order to get the full story, students must
engage in navigation, reading, viewing, in all
three formats.
– Digital fictions are different from e-books
because they do not just exist as a digital version
of a print novel, rather, they are known as “born
digital” – that is, they would lose something of
their aesthetic and/or structural form and
meaning if they were removed from the digital
medium. (https://readingdigitalfiction.com/about/what-is-
digital-fiction/)

• Illustrated Novels

• Digi-fiction
– they may contain hyperlinks, moving images,
mini-games or sound effects.
– Unlike e-books in which the reader moves from
one page to another in a linear fashion, in many
digital fictions, the reader has a role in
constructing the narrative, either by selecting
hyperlinks or by controlling a character’s journey
through the storyworld.
– Digital fictions therefore require that the reader
interacts with the narrative throughout the
reading experience and include texts such as
hypertext fictions, Flash fictions and some video
games.

• Digi-fiction

• Digi-fiction

• Digi-fiction

• Digi-fiction

• Digi-fiction

• Digi-fiction

• Graphic Novels
– A graphic novel is a narrative work in which the
story is conveyed to the reader using comic form.
– The term is employed in a broad manner,
encompassing non-fiction works and thematically
linked short stories as well as fictional stories
across a number of genres.

• Graphic Novels

• Manga
– Manga is the Japanese word for comics
– It is used in the English-speaking world as a
generic term for all comic books and graphic
novels originally published in Japan.
– Manga is considered an artistic and storytelling
style.
– The term “Ameri-Manga” is sometimes used to
refer to comics created by American artists in
manga style.

• Doodle Fiction
– A literary presentation where the author
incorporates doodle drawings and hand written
graphics in place of traditional font.
– Drawing enhances the story, often adding
humorous elements that would be missing if the
illustrations were omitted.

• Blog, E-mail, and IM Novels
– Text-Talk Novels Blog, e-mail, and IM format
narratives – stories told almost completely in
dialogue simulating social network exchanges.

• Other genres

• Other genres

• Other genres
TEXTULA ni FRANK G. RIVERA, ang MAKATA NG
CELLPHONE
(Setyembre 29, 2013)
Bayang mahilig sa ganda/

Inuuna ang postura/
Walang laman ang bituka/
Kundi gasgas na pag-asa.//
Si MEGAN YOUNG nang manalo/
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino/
May dala sanang asenso/
Magkakapag-asa tayo.//
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao/
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw/
Sa Bagyo’y daming pumanaw/
MISS WORLD, salamat sa araw.//

https://mevipres.wordpress.com/2013/09/29/textula-ni-frank-g-rivera-ang-makata-
ng-cellphone/

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TIME FRAME

Pre – Spanish Literature

• These showed and proved existence of a native

• Some of these were passed on by word of

OTHER FORMS OF LITERATURE

• Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La

• The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against

IMPORTANT WORKS (Propagana IMPORTANT WORKS (Active

THE AMERICAN REGIME

• The peace movements started as early as 1900.

• Filipino writers went into all forms of literature

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

• By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using

• Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1924)

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941 – 1945)

• This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which

• The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance

• In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this

THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941 – 1945)

THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946 –

• The early post-liberation period was marked by a

• There was a proliferation of newspapers like the

BOOKS PUBLISHED IN FILIPINO

THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946 –

The Rebirth of Freedom

THE LAUNCHING OF THE PALANCA

THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970 –

• Because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek

• Many young people became activists to ask for changes

THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970 –

ONE ACT PLAY

THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970 –

PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-

• Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development

PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-

PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-

PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-

THE PALANCA AWARDS

SHORT STORY PLAY

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

• the Philippines became a new nation and this; former

• During this period, it cannot be denied that many people

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

Literatures during the Period of the Third Republic

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

Literatures during the Period of the Third Republic

SOME WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD

• PHILIPPINE FOLK LITERATURE (Damiana Eugenio)

PERIOD AFTER EDSA REVOLUTION

• Philippine society was in turmoil for a few weeks but the

• To the Filipino people, this is the true Philippine Republic, the

PERIOD AFTER EDSA REVOLUTION

PERIOD AFTER EDSA REVOLUTION

• An album named HANDOG NG PILIPINO SA MUNDO

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

WHAT IS 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

• New literary works created within the last

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE