Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
chapter 5
• The Indefinite Integral
• Substitution
• The Definite Integral As a Sum
• The Definite Integral As Area
• The Definite Integral: The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
Antiderivative
An antiderivative of a function f is a
function F such that
F f
Ex. An antiderivative of f ( x) 6 x
is F ( x) 3x 2 2
since F ( x) f ( x ).
Indefinite Integral
The expression:
f ( x)dx
read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,”
means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.
6 xdx 3x
2
Notice C
4
x
3
Ex. x dx C
4
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral, Part II
1
1
x dx dx ln x C
x
x
b
x
b dx C
ln b
Sum and Difference Rules
f g dx fdx gdx 3 2
Ex. x x dx x dx xdx C
2 2 x x
3 2
f
fdx du
du / dx
Integration by Substitution
3x x
9
2 3
Ex. Consider the integral: 5 dx
3 2
pick u x +5, then du 3 x dx
du
2
dx
3x
10
3
10 x 5
9 u
u du C C
10 10
Sub to get Integrate Back Substitute
dx
Ex. Evaluate x ln x 3
1 ax b
c dx a ln c c C
ax b
Riemann Sum
If f is a continuous function, then the left Riemann
sum with n equal subdivisions for f over the interval
[a, b] is defined to be
n 1
k 0
f xk x
lim
b
a
f ( x)dx
max xi 0 i 1
f ( xi* )xi
0
2
integral x dx using n = 10.
n 1 9
1
k 0
f xk x
k 0
2
xk
5
a
f ( x)dx
a
f ( x)dx
a
f (t )dt
Area Under a Graph
ba y f ( x)
Width: x
n
(n rect.)
a b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph
of a function.
Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles
of equal width and compute their area with a
limit.
Approximating Area
Approximate the area under the graph of
f ( x) 2 x 2 on 0, 2
using n = 4.
A x f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x3 )
1 1 3
A f 0 f f 1 f
2 2 2
1 1 9 7
A 0 2
2 2 2 2
Area Under a Graph
y f ( x)
a b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area is
n 1
Area lim
n
k 0
f xk x
b
a f ( x)dx
Geometric
Interpretation
(All Functions)
y f ( x)
R1 R3
a R2 b
b
a
f ( x)dx Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3
Area Using Geometry
Ex. Use geometry to compute the integral
5
x 1 dx
1
Area =4
Area = 2 5
x 1 dx 4 2 2
1
Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b].
x
1. If A( x) f (t ) dt , then A( x) f ( x).
a
3 4
A ( x) x 5 x
Evaluating the Definite
Integral
5 1
Ex. Calculate 2 x 1 dx
1 x
1
5 5
1 2 x x 1 dx x ln x x 1
2
5 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
2 2
28 ln 5 26.39056
Substitution for Definite
Integrals
Calculate 2 x x 3 dx
1 1/ 2
2
Ex. 0
let u x 2 3 x
du
then dx Notice limits change
2x
2x x 3x
1 1/ 2 4
2
dx u du 1/ 2
0 0
4
2 3/ 2 16
u
3 0 3
Computing Area
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the x-axis, the
vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of
y 2x2.
2 Gives the area since 2x3 is
0 2x dx
3
nonnegative on [0, 2].
2 1 4 1 4 1 4
0 8
3
2 x dx x 2 0
2 0 2 2
Antiderivative Fund. Thm. of Calculus
Quiz
3
Find the area between the
pos. 2
x-axis and the curvey cos x
3 neg.
from x 0 to x . 2
2
3
0
2
cos x dx cos x dx
2 On the TI-89:
0
2
cos x dx cos x dx
2 On the TI-89: