Fluid Mechanics I Review

Introduction
• What is Fluid?
• Dimensions and Units. Systems of Units
• Mass, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity
• Viscosity
• Compressibility of Fluids. Bulk Modulus.
• Speed of Sound
• Vapor Pressure
• Surface Tension
 Fluid Statics
• Pressure at a point
• Basic equation for pressure field
• Pressure variation in a fluid at rest. Incompressible, compressible
fluid
• Pressure measurement (gauge, absolute, atmospheric, vacuum).
Barometer
• Manometry. Piezometer tube, U-tube manometer, differential
manometer, inclined tube manometer
• Hydrostatic force on inclined plane and curved surfaces
• Buoyancy, floatation and stability
• Pressure variation in a fluid with rigid body motion
 Bernoulli Equation
• Streamline coordinates
• F = ma normal to streamline
• F = ma along streamline. Bernoulli Equation
• Static, dynamic, stagnation ant total pressure
• Fluid velocity measurement, Pitot-static tube
• Use of Bernoulli equation
– Free jets
– Confined flows

• Cavitation
• Flow rate measurement
• Restriction of use of the Bernoulli equation
Bernoulli’s 1738 treatise Hydrodynamica contains many excellent sketches of
flow patterns related to his frictionless relation. One, however, redrawn here as
Fig. P3.155, seems physically misleading. Can you explain what might be wrong
with the figure?
 Bernoulli’s 1738 treatise Hydrodynamica contains many excellent sketches of
flow patterns related to his frictionless relation. One, however, redrawn here as
Fig. P3.155, seems physically misleading. Can you explain what might be wrong
with the figure?

Solution: If friction is neglected and the exit pipe is fully open, then pressure in the
closed “piezometer” tube would be atmospheric and the fluid would not rise at
all in the tube. The open jet coming from the hole in the tube would have V  2 gh
and would rise up to nearly the same height as the water in the tank.
 Fluid Kinematics
• Velocity field
– Continuum hypothesis
– Eulerian and Lagrangian flow description
– One-, Two-, and Three- dimensional flows
– Steady and unsteady flows
– Stream lines, streaklines, and pathlines

• Acceleration Field. Material derivative

• Control Volume and System Representations
• Reynolds Transport Theorem
 Finite Control Volume Analysis
• Continuity equation
• Linear momentum and angular momemum equations
• Energy equation
 Similitude, Dimensional
Analysis and Modeling
• Dimensional analysis
• Buckingham Pi theorem
• Common Dimensional groups in Fluid Mechanics
• Correlation of experimental data
• Modeling and similitude
 Viscous Flow in Pipes
• General characteristics of pipe flow
• Fully developed laminar flow
• Fully developed turbulent flow
• Dimensional analysis of pipe flow
– Moody chart
– Minor losses

• Pipe flowrate measurement