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What is Speed?
distance moved
Speed =
time taken
d
In symbols, v =
t
where d = distance moved (m)
t = time taken (s)
v = speed (m s-1)
2.1 Distance, Time and Speed
• d=vt
d
• v= t
d
• t= v
2.1 Distance, Time and Speed
10
080 The total
60 distance moved
after 10 s is 80
40
m. Therefore, the
20 speed
80 is:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
v = 10 = 8 m s-1
Time/s
2.1 Distance, Time and Speed
10
0
80
6
0
4 After 20 s, distance
moved is 80 m. The
0
20 average speed
0 after
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 s80is:
18 20 Time/s 20
v= = 4 m s–1
2.1 Distance, Time and Speed
10
080
6
0 After 18 s, distance
4 moved remains 100 m.
0
20 There is no change in
the distance from 10 s
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 to 15 s. Therefore, the
20 speed is zero. The
Time/s
object is stationary or at
rest.
2.1 Distance, Time and Speed
Instantaneous Speed
The instantaneous speed of an object is the speed at a
particular instant. It can be found from the gradient of the
tangent at a point on the distance-time graph.
60
40 s
20
t
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time/s
18 20
2.1 Distance, Time and Speed
Key Ideas
• Speed is the change in distance per unit time, v = s
Its SI unit is m s-1. t
Odometer
2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
a = v (in m s-2)
t
3 seconds after take off, a shuttle
has a speed of 45 m s-1. What is
its acceleration?
2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Key Ideas
• Velocity is the change in displacement per unit time.
It is speed in a specified direction. Its SI unit is m s-1,
which is the same for speed.
Uniform acceleration
Speed/m s-1
3
5
3
0
2
5
2
0
1
5
1
05
0 Time/s
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13 14
Speed/m s-1
3
0
2
0
1
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 Time/s
The gradient of the speed-time graph is not
constant during the first 10 seconds i.e.
acceleration is non-uniform.
2.3 Speed-Time Graphs
Types of acceleration
Can you tell the difference between the following types of
acceleration? Can you sketch the v-t graphs and give an
example of each type of acceleration?
40
30
20
10
Time/s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
From12
t = 7.5 to t = 12,
Speed decreases uniformly, acceleration = (0 - 45)/(12 - 7.5) = -1 m s-2
Key Ideas
• A speed-time graph shows how speed changes with
time.
D D
B C B C
A A
Time Time
2.4 Acceleration of Free Fall
Galileo’s Discovery
Galileo Galilei, an Italian, was one
of the first modern scientists to
verify experimentally the
acceleration due to free fall.
Key Ideas
D
50
40
C
Speed/m s–1 30
20
B
10
A
0 Time/s
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18