INTRODUC

TION TO
THE
PHILOSOP
HY OF THE
HUMAN
 WHAT IS
PHILOSOPHY?
 PHILIA = LOVE

PHILOSOPHY
SOPHIA =
WISDOM

 LOVE OF WISDOM
LOVE
= strong desire for a
particular object
WISDOM
= correct application
of knowledge
PHILOSOPHY = science
that studies beings in their
ultimate causes, reasons and
principle through the aid of
human reason alone.
BEING/BEINGS = all things
that exist: material or
immaterial
 BASIC QUESTIONS IN
PHILOSOPHY
• What is the origin of the world?
• Why do these things exist rather than
not exist at all?
• Is there God? If so, How can we
justify the goodness of God in the
face of evil?
• What is the meaning and purpose of
life? Why do we have to suffer?
OR BRANCHES OF PHILOSO
EPISTEMOLOGY
METAPHYSICS

PHILOSOPHY

LOGIC ETHICS
METAPHYSICS

meta physika
(beyond/ (physical/
after) nature)

study of things beyond the

physical; concept or things that
cannot be experienced
 Basic Questions In
Metaphysics
• What is being?
• Why do things exist rather than
not exist at all?
• How do things arise?
• What is the origin of the world?
• Is the world or universe infinite?
 EPISTEMOLOGY  Study of the
nature and
scope of
knowledge
Episteme logos and justified
(knowledge) (study) belief
Basic Questions In
Epistemology
• What is knowledge?
• What do we know?
• How is knowledge acquire?
• What are the structures and
limits of knowledge?
• What makes justified beliefs
justified?
 Science of correct thinking
LOGIC Study of the principles
and criteria of a valid
argument
Distinguish sound or good
Logos
reasoning from unsound
or bad reasoning
 Basic Questions In Logic
• What is correct reasoning?
• What distinguishes a good
argument from a bad one?
• How can we detect a fallacy in
argument?
• What are the types of logic?
• What are the criteria in determining
the validity of an argument?
How human person ought to
act, and the search for a ETHICS
definition of a right conduct,
and good life

Ethos
(custom or
habit)
Morality
of human
actions
 Basic Questions In Ethics
• What is a right conduct as that
which causes the realization of the
greatest good?
• How to determine a right conduct
• What do people think is right?
• What is a good life and ca we
attain it?
 THUMBS UP
AND THUMBS
DOWN
1. EVERYONE IS
A PHILOSOPHER
 2. CHILDREN
CAN
PHILOSOPHIZE
 3. QUESTIONING
LEADS TO
PHILOSOPHIZING
 4. MENTALLY
DISTURBED
PEOPLE
PHILOSOPHIZE
5. THERE ARE TIMES
THAT PEOPLE
ANSWER IN NON
PHILOSOPHICAL
WAYS
“1+1=0”
SITUATIONAL /
QUESTIONS
PUZZLES
 1. THERE WAS AN
AIRPLANE CRASH, EVERY
SINGLE PERSON ON
BOARD DIED, BUT YET
TWO PEOPLE SURVIVED.
HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE?
2. WHAT GOES
UP AND NEVER
COMES DOWN?
3. IMAGINE YOU ARE
IN A SINKING ROW
BOAT SURROUNDED
BY SHARKS HOW
DO YOU SURVIVE?
 * WHAT
STRATEGIES OR
WAYS DID YOU
USE TO ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS?
COMMON SENSE- A BASIC
ABILITY TO PERCEIVE,
UNDERSTAND, AND JUDGE
THINGS THAT ARE SHARED
BY (COMMON TO) NEARLY
ALL PEOPLE WITHOUT NEED
FOR DEBATE
SCIENTIFIC
-BASED ON OR
CHARACTERIZED BY
THE METHODS AND
PRINCIPLES OF
SCIENCE
PHILOSOPHICAL-
RELATING OR DEVOTED
TO THE STUDY TO THE
FUNDAMENTAL NATURE
OF KNOWLEDGE,
REALITY AND EXISTENCE
 *IN WHAT
SITUATIONS DO
YOU APPLY
PHILOSOPHICAL
INQUIRIES
 DIVIDE INTO 5 GROUPS
AND EACH GROUP
SHOULD MAKE A
SCENARIO TO SHOW
EACH LEVEL OF THE
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY
TRICKS
DIVIDE THE CLASS INTO 4.
ASSIGN A LEADER,
SECRETARY, AND
PRESENTER.
EACH GROUP ANSWER THE
QUESTIONS
WHAT DO YOU USUALLY
THINK WHENEVER YOU
EXPERIENCE THE
FOLLOWING:
EMOTIONAL PAIN?
PROBLEMS?
SUFFERINGS?
 Wonder is a complex emotion
involving elements of surprise,
curiosity, contemplation, and joy. It
is perhaps best defined as a
heightened state of consciousness
and emotion brought about by
something singularly beautiful,
rare, or unexpected
DOUBT Doubt is a
psychological state of
mind which shows
something that is
flimsy and unclear.
This shows that the
matter has not been
fully understood and
some aspects still
needs to be discussed
to gain the complete
knowledge.
 LIMITING
LIMITING limit situations as
SITUATIONS
SITUATIONS
those situations
which define our
humanity. Sooner
or later we
inevitably come
up against guilt,
death, pain,
suffering and
failure
PHILOSOPHY
BEGINS
WITH
WONDER
- PLATO
 MAN IS A
QUESTIONING
BEING. AND
GOT NO
“DEFINITE
ANSWERS “.
THAT’S WHY WE ALWAYS
WONDER AND KEEP ON
SEARCHING ANSWERS
 IN PHILOSOPHY WE HAVE
FOUR THINGS TO BE
CONSIDERED
1. SCIENCE
2. NATURAL LIGHT OF
REASON
3. STUDY OF ALL THINGS
4. FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST
PRINCIPLE
 SCIENCE
-IT IS CALLED
SCIENCE
BECAUSE THE
INVESTIGATION
IS SYSTEMATIC
NATURAL LIGHT
OF REASON
-INVESTIGATE
THINGS, NOT BY
USING ANY
OTHER
LABORATORY
INSTRUMENT OR
INVESTIGATIVE
TOOLS
STUDY ALL
THINGS
-SET OF
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
PHILOSOPHY
FROM OTHER
SCIENCES
FIRST CAUSE
OR HIGHEST
-PRINCIPLE
A PRINCIPLE IS
THAT FORM
WHICH
SOMETHING
PROCEEDS IN
ANY MANNER
WHATSOEVER
THE PRINCIPLES:
1. PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY
- WHATEVER IS IS;
WHATEVER IS NOT IS NOT;
EVERYTHING IS WHAT IT IS.
EVERYTHING IS ITS OWN
BEING, AND NOT BEING IS
NOT BEING
2. PRINCIPLE OF NON-
CONTRADICTION
- IT IS IMPOSIBLE FOR A
THING TO BE A AND NOT
TO BE AT THE SAME TIME,
AT THE SAME RESPECT
 3. PRINCIPLE OF
EXCLUDED MIDDLE
- A THING IS EITHER I OR NOT;
EVERYTHING MUST BE EITHER
BE OR NOT BE; BETWEEN BEING
AND NOT-BEING, THERE IS NO
MIDDLE GROUND POSSIBLE.
 PRINCIPLE OF
SUFFICIENT REASON
- NOTHING EXIST
WITHOUT A SUFFICIENT
REASON FOR ITS BEING
AND EXISTENCE
 AESTHETICS
- IS THE SCIENCE OF THE
BEAUTIFUL IN ITS VARIOUS
MANIFESTATIONS
INCLUDING THE SUBLIME,
COMIC, TRAGIC, PATHETIC
AND UGLY.
 FILIPINO THINKING: FROM
GLOBAL TO LOCAL
THE DIMENSIONS OF FILIPINO
THOUGHT ARE:
1. LOOB
2. FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY OF TIME
3. BAHALA NA
4. FILIPINO THOUGHT AND VALUES
1. LOOB: HOLISTIC AND
INTERIOR DIMENSIONS
- KAGANDAHANG LOOB,
KABUTIHANG LOOB AND
KALOOBAN ARE TERMS
SHARING OF ONE’S SELF TO
OTHER
- PUTS ONE IN TOUCH WITH HIS
FELLOW BEINGS
2. FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY OF
TIME

“TI TAO KASLA KULINTABA,

NO AGTAYAB, NGUMATO,
BUMABA”

- LITERALLY MEAN “ WHEEL OF

FORTUNE”
BAHALA NA
- TO LEAVE EVERYTHING TO
GOD WHO IS BATHALA
 FILIPINO THOUGHT
AND VALUES: POSITIVE
ASPECTS
UTANG NA LOOB –
INDEBTEDNESS TO PATRONS
BAYANIHAN- HELPING

OTHERS INTIMES OF NEEDS

 PHILOSOPHY TRANSCENDING
AANND AIMING FOR A LIFE OF
ABUNDNCE
LATIN WORD “ ABUNDARE”
-TO OVERFLOW NONSTOP
- REFERS TO LIFE IN ITS
ABUNDING FULLNESS OF JOY
AND SRENGTH TO MIND,
BODY, AND SOUL
ABUNDANCE IS NOT
WHAT WE GATHER BUT
WHAT WE SCATTER
 ABUNDANCE IS NOT
WHAT WE KEEP BUT WHAT
WE GIVE AWAY
ABUNDANCEIS NOT
WHAT WE HOLD BUT
WHAT WE SHARE
ABUNDANCE IS A CHOICE
 ABUNDANCE IS TO
EVOLVE INTO A HIGHER
BEING