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Content
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
Case Study
TCP/IP Protocol and OSI Reference Model
7 Application Layer OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP
The TCP/IP protocol stack has a simple layered design and a clear relationship with the OSI reference model.
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Provides network interfaces for application
programs.
Common protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS,
TFTP……
Establishes end-to-end connections.
Common protocols: TCP and UDP
Implements addressing and route selection.
Application Layer Common protocols: IP (ICMP and ARP/RARP)
Implements access based on physical medium.
Transport Layer Common protocols: Ethernet, PPP, HDLC, Frame
Relay, X.25……
Physical Layer
TCP/IP Data Encapsulation
TCP/UDP
6/17
IP PACKETS
FRAMES
BITS
Application Layer Protocols
File transfer
--> FTP and TFTP
Mail service
Application Layer --> SMTP and POP3
Network management
Transport Layer
--> SNMP
Network Layer Remote login
--> Telnet
Data Link Layer
Network service
Physical Layer
--> HTTP, DNS, and WINS
Transport Layer Protocols
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Format of TCP/UDP Packets
0 8 16 24 31
16-bit source port 16-bit destination port
16-bit UDP length 16-bit UDP checksum
Data
0 8 16 24 31
16-bit source port 16-bit destination port
32-bit serial number
32-bit ACK number
URG
ACK
PSH
SYN
RST
20/21 23 25 53 69 161
80
Socket
TCP UDP
IP Data Packet
How to Use TCP Port Number
Host
Server
IP: 10.1.1.2
Telnet 10.1.1.2, destination port 23
1028 23 10.1.1.2
Sends SYN
SYN (
seq =
a)
Receives
a+1) SYN
q = b , ack = Sends SYN,
e
SYN (s
Sends SYN ACK
Establishes a session
SYN
(seq=
a+1, a
ck = b
+1)
Sliding Window
len 1024
win4096
len 1024
win4096
len 1024
win4096 Data is transmitted
len 1024
Window size needs win4096 so fast!
to be changed.
win2048
ack 4097
len 1024
win2048
len 1024
win2048
win2048
ack 6145
len 1024
win2048
len 1024
win2048
Characteristics of UDP Transmission
It provides a protocol-based port for distinguishing
various applications running on a same computer.
It provides a delivery service based on data
packets that is unreliable and connectionless,
which is the same as that of the IP protocol.
UDP packets may be lost, repeated, or received
with incorrect orders.
It works simply and the format of UDP packets is
also simple.
Network Layer Protocols
IP (Internet Protocol)
ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol)
Physical Layer
Format of IP Packet Header
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP option
Introduction of IPv6
IPv4 is a great success.
Fast development of Internet conflicts more and
more with insufficient IPv4 addresses.
Application of new technologies raises more nt!
ic ie
requirements on the IP protocol. uff
ins
ore
m
and
or e
e m
ar
s
s se
d re
ad
4
IPv
Characteristics of IPv6
Fundamental improvement: almost infinite address space
The address length increases from 32 bits to 128 bits.
Others (more characteristics)
Simplicity: The fixed header is simplified, which improves
processing efficiency.
Extendibility: The flexible and extendable header is used, and the
protocol is easily extendable.
Plug and play: The address configuration is simplified. To be
specific, automatic configuration is implemented.
Security: The IPSec authentication and encryption at the network
layer are used, which ensures end-to-end security.
QoS: Stream flag field is supported.
Mobility: Mobile IPv6 is supported.
Overview of IPv6 Address
The presentation of the IPv6 address is different from that
of the IPv4 address.
An IPv6 address is presented in hexadecimal mode, for example,
FE08.
An IPv6 address consists of groups of characters with four bits
each and the groups are separated by colons, for example,
2001:12FC.
If an IPv6 address is started with 0s, the 0s can be omitted. If a
group of characters are all 0s, the group can be presented as ::, for
example, 1:2::ABCD.
The prefix length of an IPv6 address is presented in /xx format, for
example, 1::1/64.
The following provides different presentations of a same
IPv6 address.
0001:0123:0000:0000:0000:ABCD:0000:0001/96
1:123:0:0:0:ABCD:0:1/96
1:123::ABCD:0:1/96
Content
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
Case Study
Service and Technology Trends
ARPU trend of European operators
LTE
HSPA+ R8/R9
R7/R8
HSPA
R5/R6 3.9G
UMTS
R99/R4 3.75G
GSM
3.5G
3G
2G
Year
2001-2 2003-5 2006-8 2009-10 After 2010
64-144kbps 384kbps 14Mbps 40Mbps 100Mbps & higher
DL throughput
Development of Bearing Network
Performance
Bandwidth --Broader
Data ability ----Stronger
Transmission efficiency --------Higher
TCO
Networking --More flexible
Investment ----Lower
Deployment --------Faster
Evolution
Expansion & relocation --Easier
Up to date technology ----Smoother
Convenience
Operation and maintenance --Simpler
Customized service ----Richer
TDM
ATM IP
Radio Access Network Development Towards All-IP
HSS
GGSN MGCF
IP Core
IMS
MSCS MRF
MGW CSCF
IP
IP Iub
Iub SGSN
IP
IP Iu
Iu IP
IP A
A
IP
IP Iur
Iur IP
IP Gb
Gb
IP
IP Ap
Ap IP
IP RAN IP Abis
Abis
IP RAN
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
RAN Product
Networking
Synchronization
QoS
Reliability
Security
OAM
Case Study
iBSC/RNC Physical Interface for IP Support
FE/GE
STM-1/STM-4
E1/T1/CSTM-1
BS8900
BS8800
BS8906
B8200
STM-1 FE GE E1/T1
G900/U900 UMTS2100
Native IP
IPoE1
2G/3G co-transmission
1*FE/GE
Content
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
RAN Product
Networking
Synchronization
QoS
Reliability
Security
OAM
Case Study
General IP RAN Topology
All IP
FE/GE FE/GE
FE/GE
FE IP/MSTP
RNC/BSC MSCS/MGW
IP/MSTP Backbone
Hybrid Transmission FE/GE FE/GE
FE/GE
FE
E1/T1/STM-1
E1/T1/STM-1
RNC/BSC SGSN/GGSN
E1
FE/GE
L2 switch
GE
GE BSC
IP Transmission
L3 switch
GE
RNC
L2 switch
BTS/Node B
Flex A/Gb/Iu with IP Transmission
IP
High implementation cost Low implementation cost
TDM Complex networking Simple networking
CN CN CN CN CN CN
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
RAN Product
Networking
Synchronization
QoS
Reliability
Security
OAM
Case Study
Clock Accuracy
Accuracy requirement
Mode Frequency Time
Accuracy Synchronization
Requirement Requirement
GSM +/-0.05ppm N/A
WCDMA +/-0.05ppm N/A
Synchronization
Time Slot
BTS/NB
Line clock
BSC/RNC GPS clock
master
1588msg 1588msg
L1 recovery
slave slave
BTS/NB BTS/NB
E1 Link
BTS
Ethernet
without clock
Node B
Ethernet
Slave Slave with clock
Node B
Clock direction
GPS clock
reception
Synchronization Reference Sources
BSC/RNC
1 master + up to 6 slave synchronization reference sources
2Mbps BITS
2MHz BITS
Line clock (E1, STM-1)
GPS
BTS/Node B
1 master + up to 6 slave synchronization reference sources
2Mbps BITS
2MHz BITS
Line clock (E1, STM-1)
GPS
IP clock (IEEE1588)
Synchronous Ethernet
Master Clock Selection
OMC configurable
Manual switch of master
clock
Automatic switch of master
clock
Manual reset of master
clock
Automatic reset of master
clock
Content
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
RAN Product
Networking
Synchronization
QoS
Reliability
Security
OAM
Case Study
QoS Management in IP RAN
QoS parameters Traffic data QoS configuration
from CN from/to CN at OMC
DiffServ
IP
802.1Q/P MLPPP/MCPPP
TNL FE/GE E1
BSS/RNS
Traffic data
from/to MS
Flow Classification & Mapping to TNL
Traffic
class
Packet
Traffic Class Delay Packet Delay Jitter Packet Loss Ratio
(One Way)
IP clock < 20 ms < 7 ms < 0.05%
E1
RNC/BSC
Ethernet
Node B/BTS
Overbooking
PS
PS
Overbooking
PS Allowable
allocation
PS
Total
CS
bandwidth
CS
Dynamic
Link broken adjustment
PS PS
PS PS
Poor
CS performance CS
CS CS
Iu
Congestion indication
RNC
Transport bandwidth
based shaping (downlink)
Iub
Transport bandwidth
based shaping (uplink) Node B
C: 64kbps B: ~384kbps
Uu
Content
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
RAN Product
Networking
Synchronization
QoS
Reliability
Security
OAM
Case Study
Reliability of IP RAN
Networking redundancy Hardware redundancy
2G/3G backup Board redundancy
Iu/A/Gb flex Port redundancy
Path protection
L2 dual homing
L3 dual homing
Multiple path protection
Link aggregation (IEEE
802.3ad)
RNC router1
IP1 path1 IP1'
IP3
IP2
router2
path2 IP2' PSN
ip4
path3 IP3'
router3
SGSN
2G/3G Backup
NOC A
RNC
2G
BSC
BTS/Node B 3G
3G
CN
2G
RNC
BTS/Node B
BSC
NOC B
L2 Dual Homing
IP: 10.1.1.254/24
IP: 10.1.1.1/24 MAC: 00:15:EB:00:95:DD
MAC: 00:15:EB:A1:66:0A
GIPI(M)
L2 switch
GIPI(S)
BTS/Node B L2 switch
BSC/RNC
GIPI
L3 switch BSC/RNC
BTS/Node B GIPI
L3 switch
IP: 10.1.1.2/24
MAC: 00:15:EB:A1:66:1A IP: 10.1.2.5/30
MAC: 00:15:EB:00:95:D0
expansion Link3
Link redundancy
Load balancing Subflow1
Subflow3
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
RAN Product
Networking
Synchronization
QoS
Reliability
Security
OAM
Case Study
Security for IP RAN
Security threat
Unauthorized access
Loss or corruption of
information
Broadcast storm
Security operation
Access control list (ACL) for
protection of network
elements
IPSec in case public
transmission network is
used for Iub/Abis
VLAN tagging for network
separation and broadcast
suppression
VLAN Configuration Recommendation
BTS/Node B side: Lower number of BS sites in
one VLAN means higher security.
BSC/RNC side: L3 switch, instead of BSC/RNC,
used for VLAN tagging
Redundancy: Multiple VLAN with different routes
RNC
VLAN
RNC
VLAN1 …… VLANn
Node B
Node B
Content
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
RAN Product
Networking
Synchronization
QoS
Reliability
Security
OAM
Case Study
OAM for IP RAN
Link connectivity
monitoring
BFD: IP connectivity check
IEEE 802.3ah: Ethernet
connectivity check (P2P)
IEEE 802.1ag: Ethernet
BSC
connectivity check (E2E)
Link performance
IP Transmission
monitoring
CN
SLA monitoring
Performance measurement
BTS/Node B RNC
Content
IP Basics
RAN Network Trend
ZTE IP RAN Introduction
Case Study
Revolution of XXX Mobile Network
3G OSS UMTS
2G OSSVAS Platform
Existing UMTS 2.1G
2.1G/900M
HLR TDM Network
XXX SGSN
XXX New CN
Network MSCS
Network Iub
HLR
BSC/ GSM 900/1800M
RNC
Core Network IP
VAS 2G OSS
Network
ZTE MSCS/
MGW
Abis
PE Router-12 PE Router-22
CN switch CN switch
ZRNC ZRNC ZRNC ZBSC ZBSC ZBSC ZRNC ZRNC ZRNC ZBSC ZBSC ZBSC
101 102 103 11 12 13 201 202 203 21 22 23
RAN
iBSC/RNC
GPS Antenna
On rooftop
GPS Controller
L3 Dual-homing
6513 6513
Hot Standby Router
Protocol (HSRP)
Automatic
re-routing
Downlink
uplink
BTS/Node B
Iu Flex Implementation
BPA CN ID NRI
PPA MSCS1 1
MSCS2 2
MSCS1 MSCS3 MSCS2 MSCS4
MSCS3 3
MSCS4 4
RNC101 SGSN1 1
SGSN2 2
BPA SGSN3 3
PPA SGSN4 4
GE
Node B/BTS GE
site FE GE
RAN 6513
40~60
L2 Domain GE
sites Core room 2
Node B/BTS FE
site RAN 6513
GE
Node B/BTS
VLAN ID: 12 + 112 VLAN ID: 11 + 111
site +12+112
RAN 6513
RAN 6513
GE GE
GE
Ethernet
SP
FE
FE FE
Traffic: 10.9.11.2/24
SDR
Traffic: 10.9.11.1/24 O&M: 10.9.111.42/24
O&M 1: 10.9.11.201/24 (3G 2100M)
O&M: 10.9.111.41/24 O&M 2: 10.9.11.202/24
SDR ZXMW IDU
(3G 2100M)
ZXMW IDU ZXR10 2818S
3G Traffic: 10.9.11.101/24
2G Traffic: 10.10.111.21/24
O&M: 10.9.111.141/24
O&M 1: 10.9.11.203/24 Site C
O&M 2: 10.9.11.204/24
ZXMW IDU
Traffic: 10.9.11.3/24
SDR O&M: 10.9.111.43/24
(3G 2100M)
ZXMW IDU
O&M 1: 10.9.210.9/29
O&M 2: 10.9.210.10/29 ZXR10 2818SO&M: 10.9.111.83/24
Site D
SDR (2G
SDR 900M/1800M,
ZXMW IDU
(3G 2100M/900M) 3G 900M)
ZXMW IDU
O&M 1: 10.9.210.17/29 3G Traffic: 10.9.11.103/24
Traffic: 10.9.11.4/24 O&M 2: 10.9.210.18/29 O&M 1: 10.9.210.11/29 2G Traffic: 10.10.111.23/24
O&M: 10.9.111.44/24 O&M 2: 10.9.210.12/29 O&M: 10.9.111.143/24