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1
INDIVIDUAL COLUMN
Compression Theory 2
Squash Load
Fully Yielded Cross Section
Compression Theory 3
When a short, stocky column is loaded the strength is limited by
the yielding of the entire cross section.
P=FyA P
L0 D
eyL0 D
P
Compression Theory 4
RESIDUAL STRESSES
Compression Theory 5
RESIDUAL STRESSES
No Residual Stress
P=FyA
eyL0 D
Compression Theory 6
= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel
No Residual Stress
P=FyA
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1
eyL0 D
Compression Theory 7
= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel
No Residual Stress 2
P=FyA
2
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1
eyL0 D
Compression Theory 8
= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel
No Residual Stress 2
P=FyA
3
2
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1
3
eyL0 D
Compression Theory 9
= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel
No Residual Stress 2
P=FyA 4
3
2 Effects of Residual
P=(Fy-Fres)A Stress
1
3
eyL0 D
Compression Theory 4 10
Euler Buckling
Compression Theory 11
Euler Buckling
Assumptions:
• Column is pin-ended.
• Column is initially perfectly straight.
• Load is at centroid.
• Material is linearly elastic (no yielding).
• Member bends about principal axis (no twisting).
• Plane sections remain Plane.
• Small Deflection Theory.
Compression Theory 12
Euler Buckling
P P
2 Bifurcation Point
π EI
PE
L2
Stable Equilibrium
D D
s E
e
Compression Theory 13
Euler Buckling
Dependant on Imin and L2.
Independent of Fy.
π 2 EI x
PE Major axis buckling
L2
π 2 EI y
L2
Minor axis buckling
L
Compression Theory 14
Euler Buckling
2
PE = EI
π
L2 π 2 EI
divide by A, PE/A = AL2 , then with r2 = I/A,
π2E
PE/A = FE =
L
r
2
Fy π2E
L
r
2
FE
L/r
Compression Theory 16
EULER ASSUMPTIONS
(ACTUAL BEHAVIOR)
Compression Theory 17
Initial Crookedness/Out of Straight
0 = initial mid-span deflection of column
Do Do
M = PDo
P
Compression Theory 18
Initial Crookedness/Out of Straight
P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE 2
L
Do D
Compression Theory 19
Initial Crookedness/Out of Straight
P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE 2
L Elastic theory
Do D
Compression Theory 20
Initial Crookedness/Out of Straight
P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE 2
L Elastic theory
Actual Behavior
Do D
Compression Theory 21
Initial Crookedness/Out of Straight
Buckling is not instantaneous.
Additional stresses due to bending of the column,
P/A Mc/I.
Assuming elastic material theory (never yields),
P approaches PE.
Actually, some strength loss
small 0 => small loss in strengths
large 0 => strength loss can be substantial
ASTM limits of 0 = L/1000 or 0.25” in 20 feet
Typical values are 0 = L/1500 or 0.15” in 20 feet
Compression Theory 22
Load Eccentricity
e
P P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE 2
L
Elastic theory
L D
D D
Compression Theory 23
Load Eccentricity
e
P P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE 2
L
Elastic theory
L D
Actual Behavior
D D
Compression Theory 24
Load Eccentricity
Buckling is not instantaneous.
Additional stresses due to bending of the column,
P/A Mc/I.
Assuming elastic material theory (never yields),
P approaches PE.
Compression Theory 26
End Restraint (Fixed)
Effective Length = KL
Compression Theory 27
Handout on K-factors
EquivalentLength.pdf
Compression Theory 28
Inelastic Material Effects
Fy
e
Test Results from an Axially Loaded Stub Column
Compression Theory 29
Inelastic Material Effects
Elastic Behavior
2
π E
Fe 2
KL
r
KL/r
Compression Theory 30
Inelastic Material Effects
π 2 ET
Fc 2
KL
Fy
r
π2E
Fe
Fy-Fres Inelastic KL
2
r
Elastic
s
KL/r
Compression Theory 31
Inelastic Material Effects
π 2 ET
Fc 2
KL
Fy
r
π2E
Fe
Fy-Fres Inelastic KL
2
r
Elastic
s
KL/r
Compression Theory 32
Inelastic Material Effects
Elastic Buckling: ET = E
No yielding prior to buckling
Fe Fy-Fres(max)
Fe = predicts buckling (EULER BUCKLING)
Inelastic Buckling:
Some yielding/loss of stiffness prior to buckling
Fe > Fy-Fres(max)
Fc - predicts buckling (INELASTIC BUCKLING)
Compression Theory 33
Overall Column Strength
Fy
π2E
FE 2
KL
r
Experimental Data
KL/r
Compression Theory 34
Overall Column Strength
Experimental Data
Compression Theory 35
Overall Column Strength
Compression Theory 36
LOCAL BUCKLING
Compression Theory 37
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Failure is localized at
areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
Compression Theory 41
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Failure is localized at
areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
Compression Theory 42
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Failure is localized at
areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
Compression Theory 43
FULL STRUCTURE BEHAVIOR
Compression Theory 44
ALIGNMENT CHART
OR
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHODS
Compression Theory 45
ALIGNMENT CHART
“Traditional Method”
No K values required.
Compression Theory 47
ALIGNMENT CHART METHOD
IS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING
SLIDES
Compression Theory 48
ALIGNMENT CHART
“Traditional Method”
Compression Theory 50
K-FACTORS FOR END CONSTRAINTS
Two categories,
Braced Frames, 0.5 K 1.0
Sway Frames, K ≥ 1.0
Compression Theory 51
Sidesway Prevented
Compression Theory 52
Sidesway Prevented
Assume girder/beam
K=0.5 K=0.7 infinitely rigid or
flexible compared to
columns to bound
results.
K=0.7 K=1
Compression Theory 53
Sidesway Prevented
Idealized Equivalent
Shear
Wall
Compression Theory 54
Sidesway Prevented
Idealized Equivalent
Shear
Wall
Compression Theory 55
Sidesway Prevented
Idealized Equivalent
Shear
Wall
Compression Theory 56
Sidesway Prevented
Compression Theory 57
Sway Frame
Compression Theory 58
Sway Frame
K=2 K=∞
Compression Theory 59
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Compression Theory 60
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Compression Theory 61
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Compression Theory 62
Alignment Charts
Calculate “G” at the top and bottom of the column (GA and GB).
EI
L
G columns
EI
L
girders
Compression Theory 63
Alignment Charts
X Gtop
Gbottom X
Gtop
X
X
Gbottom
X Gtop
K
Gbottom X
Gtop
X
K
X
Gbottom
Compression Theory 68
Alignment Charts
Compression Theory 69
Alignment Charts
ALIGNMENT CHART ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Behavior is purely elastic.
2) All members have constant cross section.
3) All joints are rigid.
4) Sidesway Inhibited (Braced) – single curvature bending of
girders.
5) Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway) – reverse curvature bending of
girders.
6) Stiffness parameter of all columns is equal.
7) Joint restraint is distributed to columns above and below the joint
in proportion to EI/L of the columns.
8) All columns buckle simultaneously.
9) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Compression Theory 70
Alignment Charts
If the column behavior is inelastic,
Compression Theory 72
Alignment Charts
Compression Theory 73
Alignment Charts
ALIGNMENT CHART ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Behavior is purely elastic.
2) All members have constant cross section.
3) All joints are rigid.
4) Sidesway Inhibited (Braced) – single curvature bending of
girders.
5) Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway) – reverse curvature bending of
girders.
6) Stiffness parameter of all columns is equal.
7) Joint restraint is distributed to columns above and below the joint
in proportion to EI/L of the columns.
8) All columns buckle simultaneously.
9) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Compression Theory 74
Alignment Charts
EI
L
G columns
EI
m L
girders
Compression Theory 75
Alignment Charts
3EI
Bending Stiffness =
L
Far end pinned
m = (3EI/L)/(2EI/L) = 1.5
4EI
Bending Stiffness =
L Far end fixed
m = (4EI/L)/(2EI/L) = 2
Compression Theory 76
Alignment Charts
3EI
Bending Stiffness =
L Far end pinned
m = (3EI/L)/(6EI/L) = 1/2
4EI
Bending Stiffness = L Far end fixed
m = (4EI/L)/(6EI/L) = 2/3
Compression Theory 77
Alignment Charts
ALIGNMENT CHART ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Behavior is purely elastic.
2) All members have constant cross section.
3) All joints are rigid.
4) Sidesway Inhibited (Braced) – single curvature bending of
girders.
5) Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway) – reverse curvature bending of
girders.
6) Stiffness parameter of all columns is equal.
7) Joint restraint is distributed to columns above and below the joint
in proportion to EI/L of the columns.
8) All columns buckle simultaneously.
9) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Compression Theory 78
Alignment Charts
Compression Theory 79
Alignment Charts
ALIGNMENT CHART ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Behavior is purely elastic.
2) All members have constant cross section.
3) All joints are rigid.
4) Sidesway Inhibited (Braced) – single curvature bending of
girders.
5) Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway) – reverse curvature bending of
girders.
6) Stiffness parameter of all columns is equal.
7) Joint restraint is distributed to columns above and below the joint
in proportion to EI/L of the columns.
8) All columns buckle simultaneously.
9) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Compression Theory 80
Alignment Charts
Compression Theory 81
“LEANER” COLUMNS
Compression Theory 82
Leaner Columns
KL= Infinite
Moment Leaner
Frame Columns
Compression Theory 85
Leaner Columns
Consider only applying a small load to the right columns
Moment Leaner
Frame Columns
Surely a small load could be applied without causing
instability! (Due to connection to the rest of the structure)
Compression Theory 86
Leaner Columns
PA PA
PD/H
Compression Theory 88
Leaner Columns
P2 P3 P4
P1
1 2 3 4
leaner
ΣP = ΣPe
ΣP = P1+P2+P3+P4
ΣPe = P1e+P2e+P3e+P4e=P1e+P4e
In the elastic range, the “Sum of Forces” concept states
that the total column capacities can be re-distributed
Compression Theory 89
Leaner Columns
P2 P3 P4
P1
1 2 3 4
leaner
If P2 = P2e
Reach failure even if
ΣP < ΣPe
However, the total load on a leaner column still must not
exceed the non-sway strength.
Compression Theory 90
Leaner Columns
Compression Theory 91
EXAMPLE DEMONSTRATION –
SEE YURA VIDEOS
Compression Theory 92
Alignment Chart
Compression Theory 93
Alignment Chart
ALIGNMENT CHART ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Behavior is purely elastic.
2) All members have constant cross section.
3) All joints are rigid.
4) Sidesway Inhibited (Braced) – single curvature bending of
girders.
5) Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway) – reverse curvature bending of
girders.
6) Stiffness parameter of all columns is equal.
7) Joint restraint is distributed to columns above and below the joint
in proportion to EI/L of the columns.
8) All columns buckle simultaneously.
9) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Compression Theory 94
Alignment Chart
Compression Theory 95
Alignment Chart
Compression Theory 96
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
IS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING
SLIDES
Compression Theory 97
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
No K values required.
Compression Theory 98
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
Compression Theory 99