Classification and

Taxonomy

Mrs Neha Srivastava

Faculty of Pharmacy
Punjab College of Technical Education
Ludhiana.
 Introduction
 Classification is important

 Characterization helps classification

 Not possible for single cell

 Colony to be studied
 Characterization
 Morphological Characteristics

 Chemical Composition

 Culture Characteristics

• Nutrient requirement

• Physical condition like temp, pH, light etc

• Colony characteristics
 Characterization
 Metabolic Characteristics

 Antigenic Characteristics

 Genetic Characteristics

• DNA based composition

• Sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA

• Plasmid
 Characterization
 Pathogenicity

 Ecological Characteristics
 General Classification
 Muller and Ehrenberg

 Haeckel – all unicellular as Protista.

 Cohn- integrated bacteria with blue green algea -

Schizophyta.
 Migula- given more detail classification.

 Linnaeus divided all living being into two

kingdoms – plant and animals - Schizomycetes
Monera a new kingdom proposed

Division Protophyta
Class Schizomycetes
Order Eubacterialesceae
Family Enterobacteria
Tribes Salmonellae
Genus Salmonella
Species Typhi
 Species concept of bacteria
 The differences between the classification of the
bacteria and other higher organisms.

 Changes in the genetic characters.

 Phylogenetic classification
 The hierarchical classification
 Special weightage is given to the special characters.
 Eg- gram negative bacteria – lactose fermenting or
not.
Limitation
1. Characters may be invalid
2. May not be permanent.
3. It can be acquired or lost.
 Adansonian classification

 Micheal Adanson

 Takes all the characters.

 Called as Phenetic system.

 Numerical taxonomy.
 Molecular genetic classification

 Depend on genetic relatedness.

 Relatedness of DNA nucleotide sequence.

 No method of bacterial classification is widely

accepted.
 Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology.
 Systematized Classification
(i) Natural classification,
(ii) Phyletic classification,
(iii) Linnean binomial scheme,
(iv) Phenotypic classification,
(v) Microscopic examination,
(vi) Cataloguing rRNA,
(vii) Computer-aided classification, and
(viii) Bacterial classification
 Systematized Classification
(i) Natural classification,
(ii) Phyletic classification,
(iii) Linnean binomial scheme,
(iv) Phenotypic classification,
(v) Microscopic examination,
(vi) Cataloguing rRNA,
(vii) Computer-aided classification, and
(viii) Bacterial classification
 Nomenclature

 Two names are given to the bacteria

 Salmonella typhi

 Commom name

Eg. Typhoid or gonnococcal.

 International name
Classification and nomenclature
of viruses
Classification of viruses
Primary charactristics Secondary characteristics
Chemical nature of nucleic Host range
acid RNA or DNA (Single or Host species, specific host tissue
double) or cell type
Structure of virions helical Mode of transmission
icosahedral or complex
Site of replication Specific surface structure
Nucleus and Cytoplasm
 DNA viruses
1) Poxviridae Family

• Large, brick shaped, complex structure,

• Lipid containing outer coat,
• Double stranded DNA.
• Multiplication maturation in cytoplasm
 DNA viruses
2) Herpesviridae family:
Medium sized
Linear double stranded DNA.
Isosahedral nucleocapsid , lipid envoloped.
Multiplication takes place in nucleus
Maturation by nuclear membrane.
 DNA viruses
3) Adenoviridae family:
Medium sized
Non envoloped, Isosahedral nucleocapsid
Two types
 Mastedenoviruses
 Aviadenoviruses
 DNA viruses
4) Papovaviridae family:
Small sized.
Non envoloped, Double stranded
Two types
 Papillomavirus
 Polyomavirus
 DNA viruses
5) Parvoviridae family:
Small sized.
Non envoloped, Single stranded DNA
Three types
 Parvovirus
 Adenosatellovirus
 Densovirus
 DNA viruses
6) Hepadnaviridae family:
Small sized, spherical
Envoloped
Causitive organisms of hapatitis B.
 DNA viruses
6) Hepadnaviridae family:
Small sized, spherical
Envoloped
Causitive organisms of hapatitis B.
 RNA viruses
1) Picornaviridae family:
Small sized, isosahedral
Non Envoloped
Single stranded RNA genome
Three genera
 Enterovirus
 Rhinovirus
 Hepatovirus
 RNA viruses

2) Orthomyxoviridae family:
Medium sized, spherical or elongated
Envoloped with peplomers
Single stranded RNA genome
 RNA viruses
3) Paramyxoviridae family:
Pleomorphic
Envoloped with peplomers
Unsegmented Single stranded RNA genome
Three genera-
 Paramyxovirus
 Morbillivirus
 Pneumovirus
 RNA viruses
4) Togaviridae family:
Spherical viruses
Lipoprotein Envolop
Single stranded RNA genome
Three genera-
 Alpha virus
 Rubivirus
 Pestivirus
 RNA viruses
5) Flaviviridae family:

6) Bunyaviridae family:
Spherical, envoloped.
Arthopod borne
Five genus
Largest Bunyavirus with 150 species
 RNA viruses
7) Arenaviridae family:
Spherical or pleomorphic
Have sandy apperance

8) Rhabdoviridae family:
Bullet shaped virus
Envoloped with peplomers
Two genera- Vesiculoviruses and lyssaviruses
 RNA viruses
9) Reoviridae family:
Isosahedral, non envoloped viruses
Double stranded RNA
Three genera
 Reovirus
 Orbivirus
 Rotavirus
 RNA viruses
10) Coronaviridae family:
Pleomorphic, envoloped viruses with peplomers.
Double stranded RNA

11) Retroviridae family

RNA tumor virus
Classification of Fungi
 Division Gymnomycota
 Slime molds
 Organisms which ingest particulate nutrients
 Lack cell wall in vegetative stage
Class Acrasiomycetes (cellular slime molds)
• Vegetative stage, free living amoebae
• Spores in mucilageneous matrix
Eg- Dictyostelium discoideum
 Division Gymnomycota
Class Myxomycetes (acellular slime molds)
• Vegetative stage,
multicelllular
• Wall less plasmodium
• organized sporangia bearing
sporangiospores
Eg- Physarum polycephalum
Didimium iridis
 Division Mastigomycota
 Flagellated lower fungi
 Aquatic fungi
Class Chytridiomycetes
• Motile cell
• Posteriorly positioned whiplash like flagellum
Eg-Allomyces macrogynus
 Division Mastigomycota
Class Hyphochytridiomycetes
 Motile cell
 anteriorly positioned tinsel like
flagellum

Eg-RizidomycesArbuscula

Class Plasmodiophoromycetes
 Obligate parasite
 Vegetative stage plasmodium
 Motile cell with two un equal
whiplash flagella
 Division Mastigomycota
Class Oomycetes
 Motile cell with two laterally
inserted flagella
 One tinsel and anteriorly directed
 Flagella posteriorly and whiplash.
Eg- saprolegnia ferax
 Division Amastigomycota
Class Deuteromycetes

 Sexual reproduction absent

 Vegetative reproduction by
Conidiospores
Eg- molds, Candida albicans.
 Division Amastigomycota
 Terrestrial fungi
 Flagella absent

Class Zygomycetes
• Sexual reproduction by gametengial fusion,
• Zygote transformed into thick wall resting
spore.
• Sporangium present.
Eg- Rhizofer stolonifer
 Division Amastigomycota
Class Ascomycetes
 Sexual spore produce
endogeneously in ascus
 Vegetative reproduction by
Conidiospores
Eg- yeast, morels and truffels.

Class Basidiomycetes
 Sexual spore produce exogeneously