HISTORY CLASS X

CHP: NATIONALISM IN INDIA

MODULE 6

http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm?jess3=2-5
 LIMITS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

IN THIS MODULE :

1. Dalits and the CDM

i- Mahatma Gandhi and Dalits

ii- Dr. Ambedkar and Dalits

iii-The Poona Pact

2. Muslim Political Organisations and the CDM

-
 DALITS

Who were the Dalits ?

● The nations ‘untouchables’ called themselves dalit or
oppressed, from around the 1930’s.
● ‘Dalit’ - the term was popularised by Dr. Ambedkar.
● Gandhiji called them Harijans .
 GANDHIJI CONDEMNS UNTOUCHABILITY

Gandhiji tried to eliminate untouchability by :

● Calling the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or children of God.
● Organizing Satyagraha :
i to secure them entry into temples
ii access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.

● Cleaning toilets himself to dignify the work of the sweepers.

● Persuading the upper castes to give up ‘ the sin of

untouchability’.
GANDHIJI CLEANING HIS SURROUNDINGS
GANDHIJI ASKING PEOPLE TO GIVE UP UNTOUCHABILITY
 DALITS FIND POLITICAL SOLUTION

The Dalit leaders try to solve the problems of the community:

i-Organized themselves & demanded
ii- Reserved seats in educational institutions
iii- A seperate electorate .
iv-Political empowerment .
Dalit participation in the CDM was therefore limited
 GANDHIJI & DR.AMBEDKAR - CLASH

●
Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for
dalits at 2nd RTC.

● Gandhiji upset with Ambedkar’s demand, begins

fast unto death.

● He believed that it would slow down the process

of their integration into the society.
 THE POONA PACT

● Agreement between Ambedkar and Gandhiji- Sept 1932

According to the Pact :

● It gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial
and central legislative councils.
● To be voted in by general electorate.
DR. AMBEDKAR MEETS GANDHIJI AT YERWADA JAIL
 MUSLIM POLITICAL ORGANISATION & CDM

Lukewarm in their response to CDM:

● Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
● The congress associated with Hindu- religious
nationalist groups.
● Relations worsened b/w Hindus & Muslims.
● Communities organized religious processions-
provoked clashes and riots in various cities.
● Distance between them deepened
ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
 EFFORTS TO COMPROMISE
1.Congress and Muslim League - efforts to re-negotiate an alliance.

2. Differences - on question of representation in the assemblies.

3. Jinnah, willing to give up demand for separate electorates-
i. Wanted reserved seats in the Central Assembly
ii.Representation in the Muslim-dominated provinces .

4. Negotiations for representation continued.

5. In 1928 - All Parties Conference held. M.R. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha

strongly opposed any compromise.
 FEAR AND DISTRUST

· Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

● Atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between the
two communities ·
● Muslim leaders - concerned about status of
Muslim.
● Feared the domination of their culture and identity