Chapter 4

Points to Remember
 Normal end feel can be described as bony, soft tissue
stretch, or soft tissue approximation
 Abnormal end feel can be described as bony, boggy,
empty, springy block, or muscle spasm
 Types of arthrokinematic motion and roll, glide or spin.
 According to the concave - convex rule, concave joint
surface move in the same direction as the joint or body
segment’s motion, while convex surfaces move in the
opposite direction as the joint in motion
 When a joint is congruent , it is in the close-packed
(tight) position. When the joint is incongruent, it is in the
open-packed (loose) position.
Osteokinematic Motion
 End Feel: a subjective assesment of a quality of the feel
when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint
 Normal bony end feel is characterized by a hard & abrupt
limit to passive joint motion
 Normal soft tissue stretch : a firm sensation that has slight
give when the joint is taken to end ROM
 Soft tissue approximation: when muscle bulk is compressed
giving a soft end feel
 Abnormal Boney feel – a sudden hard stop usually felt well
before the end of normal ROM
 Muscle Spasm – reflexive muscle guarding motion
 Empty end feel – movement produces considerable pain
 Springy Block - a rebounf movement is felt at the end of the
ROM
Accessory Motion Terminology
 Component Movement – are motions
that accompany active motion but are
under voluntary control
 Joint Play Movements – passive
movements between joint surface done
by passing applying external force
 Joint Mobilization – a passive oscillatory
motion or
Convex- Concave Rule
 Important: knowing that a joint surface is concave or
convex is important because shape determines
motion
 Concave-Convex Rule: describes how the
differences in shape of bone ends require joint
surfaces to move in a specific way during joint
movement
 A concave joint surface will move on a fixed
convex surface in the same direction the body
segment is moving
 The Concave joints surface moves in the same
direction as the body segment motion
 The Convex joint surface moves in the opposite
direction as the body segment motion
Accessory Motion
 Traction – occurs when external force exerted
on a joint, causing the joint surface to pull
apart
 Approximation – occurs when external force is
extended on a joint, causing the joint surface
to be pushed close together
 Shear – occurs when panedel to the surface,
shear force results in a glide motion at the joint
 Bending – occurs when an other- than –
vertical force is applied, resulting in
compression of the concave side and
distraction on the convex side
Types of Arthrokinematic Motion
 Roll: rolling of one joint surface to
another
 Glide/ Slide: linear movements of the
joint surface to other joints
 Spin: Rotation of a moveable joint
surface on a fixed curve
Chapter 3
Types of Joints
 Joint – a connection between 2 bones
to allow motion
Types of Joints
 Fibrous Joint – has a thin layer of fibrous
periosteum between the 2 bones, such as in the
suture of the skull
Synarthrosis: the ends of the bones are shaped
to allow them to interlock. This joint has no
motion between the bones, the purpose is to
provide shape and strength
Syndesmosis/Ligaments: ligaments intercross
membranes holding the joints together. Twisting
or stretching movement
Gomphosis: “ bolting together” joint occurs
between a tooth and wall of its dental socket in
the mandible maxilla
Types of Joints
 Cartilaginous Joint/ Amphiarthrodial :
Small amount of motion such as
bonding or twisting, and some
compression
 Types of Joints
 Synovial Joint/ Diarthrodial
allow free motion
not as stable
 Joints:
 Nonaxial: glides; “Plane”
 Uniaxial Joint: 1 plane around 1 axis; “Hinge” or “Pivot”
 Biaxial Joint : 2 different directions for 1 joint; “Condyloid” or “Saddle”
 Trixial Joint : occurs in 3 axes; “Ball and Socket”

 Shapes of Joints
 Pivot Joint: pivot motion is a transverse plane around the longitudinal
axis
 Condyloid Joint: bidirectional motion
 Saddle Joint : fits together like a horseback rider on a saddle
Types of Joints
# of Axes Shape of Joint Joint Motion
Nonaxial Plane (Irregular) Gliding
Uniaxial Hinge Flexion/Extension
Pivot Rotation
Biaxial Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Flexion, Extension,
Abduction, Adduction
Saddle Flexion, Extension,
Abduction, Adduction,
Rotation (Accessory)
Triaxial (multiaxial) Ball and Socket Flexion, Extension,
Abduction, Adduction,
Rotation
Degrees of Freedom
 Uniaxial jt has motion around 1 axis and
in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom
 Biaxial jt = 2 degrees of freedom
 Triaxial jt = 3 degrees of freedom
 3 degrees of freedom is the max # an
individual jt can have
 How many degrees of freedom does the
arm have?
Planes and Axes
 Planes of action – fixed lines of reference along which the body
is divided
 Sagital Line - passes through the body into the right and left
parts
 Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) – Passes through the body from
side to side and divides the body from side to side and divides
the body into front and back parts
 Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Passes through the
body horizontally and divides the body into equal parts
 Cardinal Plane – whenever a plane passes through the body
horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts
 Center of Gravity – the point where the three cardinal planes
intersect each other
 Sagital Axis – a point that runs through a joint from side to side
 Vertical Axis (Longitudinal Axis) – runs through a joint from top
to bottom
Joint Structure
 Bones – articulate the amount and direction of motion
 Ligaments – connective tissue to help control joint
motion
 Capsule – protects joints and bone surfaces
 Synovial Membrane- a vascular connective tissue that
secretes synovial fluid
 Synovial Fluid – a thick, clear fluid, that lubricants the
articular cartilage
 Articular Cartilage – covers the ends of opposing
bones. Provides blood.
 Fibrocartilage – Shock absorber weight banning joints
like knee
 Elastic Cartilage – Help maintain a structure's shape
 Tendon – connect muscle to bone
 Bursae - padlike sacs in joints
Levers
 Limbs are like machines
 The action of a muscle pulling on a bone often
works like a type of simple machine called a
LEVER.
 1st CLASS LEVER: the weight and force are
on the opposite sides of the fulcrum/axis (the
fulcrum/axis is the middle)
 2nd CLASS LEVER: the load/weight is between
the fulcrum and the force (the load/weight is in
the middle)
 3rd CLASS LEVER: the force in between the
fulcrum and the load (the force is in the
middle)
Common Pathological Terms
 Dislocation: Complete separation of the 2 articular
surface of a joint
 Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint, usually
occurs over a period of time (degenerative
arthritis)
 Osteoarthritis: type of arthritis that is caused by
the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage
of one of the most joints
 Sprains: partial or complete tearing of the ligament
fibers
 Strain: overstretching the muscle fibers as with
sprains and strains
Common Pathological Terms
 Tendonitis – is an inflammation of the
tendon
 Synovities – is an inflammation of the
synovial membrane
 Tendosynovitis- an inflammation of the
tendon sheath and is often caused by
repetitive use
 Bursitis – an inflammation of the bursa
 Capsulitis – and inflammation of the joint
capsule
 Did you know turtles can breathe
through their butts?(: