“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY

ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

Organizational Behavior / Perception 2
Organizational Behavior / Perception 3
 Perception

“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process

through which we interpret and organize sensory information to
produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”

“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making

sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information
to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it
within the framework of existing knowledge.

“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory

impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Organizational Behavior / Perception 4

What Is Perception, and Why Is
It Important?
Perception ••People’s
People’s behavior
behavior isis
A process by which
based
based on on their
their
individuals organize and perception
perception of of what
what
interpret their sensory reality
reality is,is, not
not onon
impressions in order to reality
reality itself.
itself.
give meaning to their
environment.
••The
The world
world as as itit isis
perceived
perceived isis thethe world world
that
that isis behaviorally
behaviorally
important.
important.
The Perceptual Process

1.Sensation 3.Organization
 An individual’s  The process of
ability to detect placing selected
stimuli in the perceptual stimuli
immediate into a framework for
environment. “storage.”
2.Selection
4.Translation
 The process a
 The stage of the
person uses to
eliminate some of perceptual process
the stimuli that have at which stimuli are
been sensed and to interpreted and
Organizational Behavior / Perception 6
Perceptual Process Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Receiving Stimuli Location,Size,contrast,
(External & Internal) Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,

Organizing
Interpreting Figure Background ,
Attribution ,Stereotyping, Perceptual Grouping
Halo Effect, Projection ( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)

Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior

Organizational Behavior / Perception 7

Factors influencing perception

A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes

distort perception. These factors can reside in the

perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in

the context of the situation in which the perception is

made.

Organizational Behavior / Perception 8

Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations

Factors in the situation

• Time Perception
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Organizational Behavior / Perception 9
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a

meaningful and recognizable pattern.

It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be

inborn.

Some factors underlying grouping are

-continuity
-closure
-proximity
-similarity

Organizational Behavior / Perception 10

 Perceptual Errors
Attribution Theory
Selective Perception
Halo Effect
Contrast Effects
Projection
Stereotyping

n
 Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behaviour, they
attempt to determine whether it is internally
or externally caused.
 Distinctiveness
 Consensus
 Consistency
 Attribution Theory

Fundamental Attribution Error

 The tendency to underestimate external
factors.
Self-Serving Bias
 The tendency to attribute one’s successes to
internal factors.
 Perceptual Errors
Selective Perception
 People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of

their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.

Halo Effect
 Drawing a general impression about an individual on the

basis of a single characteristic

Contrast Effects
 Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected

by comparisons with other people recently encountered

who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
 Perceptual Errors
Projection
 Attributing one’s own characteristics
Stereotyping
 Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception
of the group to which that person belongs.

Prejudice
 An unfounded dislike
 What Are Emotions?

Affect
Affect
AAbroad
broadrange
rangeof
of emotions
emotions
that
that people
peopleexperience.
experience.

Emotions
Emotions Moods
Moods
Intense
Intensefeelings
feelingsthat
thatare
are Feelings
Feelingsthat
thattend
tendtotobe
be
directed
directedat
atsomeone
someoneor or less
lessintense
intensethan
than
something.
something. emotions
emotionsandandthat
thatlack
lackaa
contextual
contextualstimulus.
stimulus.
Felt versus Displayed Emotions
 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
It is the combination of non cognitive skills,
capabilities and competencies that influence
a person’s ability to succeed in coping with
environmental demands and pressures. It
consists of five dimensions :
 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Self awareness : ability to be aware of what you
are feeling
Self management : ability to manage one’s own
emotions and impulses
Self motivation : ability to persist in the face of
setbacks and failure
Empathy : ability to assess how others are
feeling
Social skills : ability to handle the emotions of
others
Job performance is related to emotional
intelligence.
 • IQ is a score derived from one of
several different
standardized tests attempting to
measure intelligence. IQ tests are
used as predictors of educational
achievement.
• Modern IQ tests produce scores
for different areas (e.g., language
fluency, three-dimensional
thinking), with the summary score
calculated from subtest scores.
Emotional
Emotional Intelligence
Intelligence (EI)
(EI)
 Self-awareness
Self-awareness
 Self-management
Self-management
 Self-motivation
Self-motivation
 Empathy
Empathy
 Social skills
Social skills