Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
m Pearl pet
m Milton
m Unilite
m Flowers
m Amway
m Zip pouch
ICENSING:
Agreement where licensor grants rights to a firm (licensee) in
host country to produce or sell a product for a specific
period of time & receives ¶royalty·.
Advantages
] Reduces development costs and risks of establishing foreign
enterprise.
] ack capital for venture.
] Unfamiliar or politically volatile market.
] Overcomes restrictive investment barriers.
Disadvantages
] No tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy that
is required for experience
] icensing limits a firm·s ability to coordinate strategic moves
across countries by using profits earned in one country to support
competitive attacks in another
] There is the potential for loss of proprietary (or intangible)
technology or property
FRANCHING:
( is basically a specialized form of
licensing in which the franchisor not only
sells intangible property to the franchisee,
but also insists that the franchisee agree to
abide by strict rules as to how it does
business .
Advantages:
] Reduces costs and risk of establishing enterprise
Disadvantages:
] May prohibit movement of profits from one
country to support operations in another country
] Quality control
ÖOINT VENTURE:
Two or more partners own or control a business
·Cross marketing arrangements
·Technology sharing agreements
·Production contracting deals
·Equity arrangements
Advantages:
·Improvement of efficiency
· Access to knowledge
·Political Factors
Disadvantages:
·Risk giving control of technology to partner.
·May not realize experience curve or location economies.
TURN KEY PROÖECT:
Contractor agrees to handle every detail of
project for foreign client and handover the
¶key· when ready for operation
Advantages:
] Can earn a return on knowledge asset.
] ess risky than conventional FDI.
Disadvantages:
] No long-term interest in the foreign country.
] May create a competitor.
] Selling process technology may be selling
competitive advantage as well.
Tupperware owns 100 percent of the stock .
Advantages:
] No risk of losing technical competence to a
competitor
] Tight control of operations.
] Realize learning curve and location
economies.
Disdvantage:
] Bear full cost and risk
ã After a decade of success in the United
States, Tupperware expanded into Europe.
In 1963, the company had a presence in six
European countries and then launched in
Öapan and Australia. Tupperware also had
sales offices in Africa and atin America
before 1970. Since then Tupperware Brands
has expanded to almost 100 countries
around the world under its eight brands
Tupperware, Avroy Shlain, Beauticontrol,
Fuller, Naturecare, Nutrimetics and Nuvo.
ã v
xpo p
5.2%, Belgium 4.9%, Italy 4.8%,
India 4.5% (2008)
po $9.6 billion
textile fabrics, mineral
products, petroleum,
po ood
foodstuffs, machinery and
transportation equipment
India 18.9%, China 12.4%, Iran