Drug Education & Vice

Control
 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Administer – the act of introducing any

dangerous drug into the body of any
person with or without his knowledge.
• Board – Refers to the Dangerous Drug
Board created under R.A. 6425.
• Chemical – It is any substance taken
into the body that alters the way and
the mind and the bodywork.
• Chemical Abuse – It is an instance
when the use of chemical has produced
negative or harmful consequences.
Cultivate – It means the act of knowingly
planting, growing, raising or permitting the
planting, growing, raising of any plant which is
the source of a prohibited drug.
 
Drug – traditionally, drugs are synthetic
chemicals used as medicine or in the making of
medicines, which affects the body and mind and
have potential for abuse. Drugs in its
criminological meaning, refers to substances,
other than food and water that is intended to be
taken or administered for the purpose of altering,
sustaining or controlling recipient’s physical,
mental or emotional state.
Drug Abuse – it is the illegal, wrongful or improper use
of any drug.

Drug Addiction – it refers to the state of periodic or

chronic intoxication produced by the repeated
consumption of a drug.

Drug Dependence – it refers to the state of psychic or

physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs
following the administration or use of that drug. WHO
defines it as the periodic, continuous, repeated
administration of a drug.
 
Drug Experimenter - one who illegally, wrongfully, or
improperly uses any narcotic substances for reasons
of curiosity, peer pressure, or other similar reasons.
 
Drug Syndicate – it is a network of illegal drug
operations operated and manned carefully by groups
of criminals who knowingly traffic through nefarious
trade for personal or group profit.
 
 
Manufacturer – the production, preparation,
compounding or processing a dangerous drug either
directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances
of natural origin or by chemical synthesis.

Narcotic Drug – refers to illegally used drugs or

dangerous drugs which are either prohibited or
regulated drugs. It also refers to drugs that produces
sleep or stupor and relieves pain due to its
depressant effect on the CNS. The term narcotics
come from the greek word “narcotics” which means
sleep or dream. It is sometimes known as “opiates”.
Physical Dependence – an adaptive state caused by
repeated drug use that reveals itself by development
of intense physical symptoms when the drug is
stopped (withdrawal syndrome).
 
 
Psychological Dependence – an attachment to drug
use which arises from a drug ability to satisfy some
emotional or personality needs of an individual.
 
 
Pusher – any person who sell, administer, deliver or
give away to another, distribute, transport any
dangerous drug.
 
Rehabilitation – it is a dynamic process directed towards
the changes of the health of the person to prepare him
from his fullest life potentials and capabilities, and
making him law abiding and productive member of the
community without abusing drugs.
 
 
Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase dosage of
drugs to maintain the same effect in the body.
 
 
Treatment – a medical service rendered to a client for the
effective management of his total condition related to
drug abuse. It deals with the physiological and
psychosocial complications arising from drug abuse.
 
 
Use – the act of injecting, consuming, any dangerous
drugs. The means of introducing the dangerous drug into
the physiological system of the body.
 
 THE NATURE OF
DRUGS

• What are Drugs?

A drug, as defined, is a substance used as a medicine

or in making medicines, which affects the body and
mind and have potential for abuse. Without an advice or
prescription from a physician, drugs can be harmful.
 A drug is a chemical substance
that brings about physical,
emotional or behavioral change in
a person taking it.
 Is any substance other than
food or water that is
intended to be taken or
administered for the
purpose of altering,
sustaining or controlling the
recipients physical, mental
or emotional state.
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What is a Drug?

• Is a substance which, when taken into the body, alters

the body’s function.

• Drugs may be legal (alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or

illegal (nicotine, LSD, cocaine and heroin).
Hundreds of pure chemicals have been developed from
plants and put into pills, capsules or liquid medicines.
There are also two forms of drugs, natural and
synthetic/artificial. The natural drugs include natural
plant leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium, and
marijuana, while the synthetic drugs are produced by
clandestine laboratories which includes those drugs
that are controlled by law because they are use in the
medical practice. Physicians prescribed them and are
purchased in the legitimate outlets like drugstores.
 The Prescriptive Drugs

• These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a

purchase. They are prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight
and height and should not be taken by anyone else. It is a personal
requirement and self-medication that should be strictly avoided. The
pharmacist should never allow the consumer to request them knowingly
without first consulting a doctor.
 The Over-the-Counter drugs (OTC)

• The OTC drugs are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased

from any pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization from a
doctor. They are used to treat minor and short term illnesses and any
persistent condition should be immediately referred to a physician. It
should be strongly emphasized that “directions” be closely followed and
all precautions necessarily taken to avoid complications.
• OTC drugs are used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of
minor ailments. The precautions that must be observed when
dispensing OTCs are the following:
 “Self-Medication Syndrome”

• The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users

and would be users of drugs whose sources of
information are people or literature other than
doctors, pharmacists and health workers. These
could be members of the family, relatives, and/or
neighbours, all of whom may have previously used
the drug for their specific disease or disorder. Self-
medication may work against the good of the user
because it can lead to intoxication and other
adverse reactions.
The possible outcomes of self-medicine are:

• Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies

which may be mild or severe.
• Possible non-response of the patient to the drug
effectively due to incorrect drug usage.
• Possible drug toxicities, through overdose which may
lead to severe reactions such as nausea, vomiting,
rashes etc.
• Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic
uses of the drugs even when such are no longer
needed.
Drug Dose
Minimal dose – the amount needed to treat or heal,
that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will
produce a therapeutic effect.

Maximal dose – the largest amount of a drug that will

produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any
accompanying of toxicity.

Toxic dose – The amount of drug that produces

untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.

Abusive dose – the amount needed to produce the

side effects and action desired by an individual who
improperly uses it.

Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause

death.
 How Drugs are administered?

• The common methods of drug administration are as follows:

• Oral – this is the safest most convenient and economical route

whenever possible. There are however, drugs, which cannot be
administered this way because the digestive juices readily destroy
them or because they irritate the mucous lining of the gastro-
intestinal tract and induce vomiting.
• Injection – this form of drug administration offers a faster response
than the oral method. It makes use of a needle or other device to
deliver the drugs directly into the body tissue and blood circulation.
• Inhalation - this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs,
which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the mucous of the
respiratory tract.
• Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body
site such as the skin and the mucous membrane.
• Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of
the skin by the use of special type of electric current for local
effect.
 What is toxicology?

 Toxicology is commonly known as the science of poisons,

their effects and antidotes. In connection, drug may cause
dangerous effects because of any of the following:
 Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken into the
physiological system of the human body, there may be an over
extension of its effects.
 Allergy – some drugs are cause the release of histamine giving
rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in
blood pressure, suffocation and death.
 Idiosyncrasy - it refers to the individual reaction to a drug,
food, etc. For unexplained reasons. Morphine for example,
which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some women
maniacal behaviours.
 Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them
have the property of being general protoplasmic poisons.
 Side effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but
receptors of others for one organ as well. The effect in the
other organs may constitute a side effect, which are most of
the time unwanted.
 
 WHAT ARE SOME MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS?

 Analgesics – are drugs that relieve pain. However, they

may produce the opposite effects on somebody who
suffers from peptic ulcer or gastric irritation.
 Antibiotics – are drugs that combat or control
infectious organisms.
 Antipyretics – those that can lower body temperature
or fever due to infection.
 Antihistamines – those that control or combat allergic
reactions.
 Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting of the
egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from
releasing egg cells.
 Decongestants – those that relieve congestion of the
nasal passages. Prolonged used of these
decongestants might include nasal congestion upon
withdrawal.
 THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION
“let no man imagine that he has no influence”

• Drug trafficking
• Drug abuse has become not only a national issue or
a problem of just a few countries but it is a clear and
present global danger.
• Today, highly entrenched, well-organized drug
syndicates are behind this menace. They employ the
most advanced and most sophisticated technology
coupled with unlimited financial resources at their
command and disposal. Police agencies around the
world, pooling their resources together are more often
than not, the losers in a game of hide-and-seek with the
international drug syndicates (Sotto, 1994).
 First Important Drug Traffic Route

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest

Turkey – preparation for distribution

Europe – manufacture, synthesis, refine

U.S. – Marketing
 The first important drug traffic route as illustrated
above shows how elicit drugs are distributed from its
discovery, preparation up to marketing in the illicit
market.

It is noted that plants such as the opium poppy, as

sources of dangerous drugs are cultivated and
harvested mostly in the areas of Middle East while
Europe became the center for drug manufacture and
synthesis. United States became the over-all for drug
marketing.
Second Major Drug Traffic Route

• On the other side of the globe is the second major drug

traffic route, which is composed of the popular Golden
Triangle and the Golden Crescent. The Golden Triangle
composed of three countries namely Burma/Myanmar,
Laos and Thailand while Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan
and India compose the Golden Crescent.
Drugs that originates from the Golden Triangle

Burma/Myanmar

Laos
Thailand
In Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle”
approximately produced 60% of opium in the world,
90% percent of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is
also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast
Asia Heroin.

Heroin is produced in the Golden Triangle and passed

through nearby countries in relatively small quantities
through air transport while in transit to the United
States and European
Drugs that originates from the Golden Crescent

• Iran
• Afghanistan
• Pakistan
• India
In Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the
major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin
products in the western part of Asia. It produces at
least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channelled in the
drug underworld market.
 The Organized Crime Groups
Behind the Global Drug Scene

• The Columbian Medellin Cartel

• Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lords in
the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drugs bosses
Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine
barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.

• The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for

organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The
Columbian government succeeded in the containing the
Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender,
and arrest of the people behind the organization. This
further resulted to this disbandment of the Cartel led to
its downfall.
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was the most notorious and violent drug lord of the
Medellín Cartel. Escobar was killed by the Search Bloc, a group of Colombian police
devoted to capturing Escobar, on a Colombian rooftop in 1993; by this time, the cartel
had already been severely damaged. However, there would be no rest. After Escobar’s
death, the Medellín Cartel fragmented and the cocaine market soon became
dominated by the rival Cali Cartel, until the mid-1990s when its leaders, too, were
either killed or captured by the government.
The Cali Cartel

• The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel – the

newly emerged cocaine monopoly. Gilberto Rodriguez
Orajuela – better known as Don Chepe – “the chess
player” heads the syndicated organization. Under him,
the Cali Cartel was considered the most powerful
criminal organization in the world.
• The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the
world. Due to this, it was called the best and the
brightest of the modern underworld. “They are
professionals of the highest order, intelligent, efficient,
imaginative, and nearly impenetrable” – US – Drug
Enforcement Agency.
 Gilberto Rodriguez-Orejuela

The Cali Cartel had been formed in the early 1970s by Jonathan almanza-Orejuela and
rose quietly alongside its violent rival, the Medellín Cartel. But while the Medellín Cartel
gained an international reputation for brutality and murder, the Cali traffickers posed as
legitimate businessmen. This unique criminal enterprise initially involved itself in
counterfeiting and kidnapping, but gradually expanded into smuggling cocaine base from
Peru and Bolivia to Colombia for conversion into powder cocaine.
 The Chinese Triad

• The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese Mafia is the

oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world. It
is believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle”
with international connections on drug trafficking.
 Drug Syndicates in the Philippines

The Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been identified

as the nucleus as the Triad Society, the bamboo gang
based in Taiwan and the 14k based in Hongkong. The
Bamboo Gang is the influence of the Green Gang of the
Chinese Triad while the 14k is the newest among the
triads families established only in 1947.
The Filipino-Chinese drug syndicates are groups
responsible in smuggling shabu into the country. Most
drug couriers use Hongkong and Taiwan as their
embarkation point for the Philippines. And recently,
intelligence reports reveals that large quintets of shabu
are smuggled in the country directly from Mainland
China through commercial airlines and ocean-sea
vessels.
 The most common “modus operandi” by the
syndicates – posing as fishermen along Philippines
seas, particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon
such as La Union, Ilocus, and Pangasinan where they
drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based
members. The syndicates are famously involved in
marijuana cultivation and other drug smuggling
including drug manufacture.
 
 Dangerous Drugs

• Refer to the broad categories or classes of controlled

substances. Controlled substances are generally grouped
according to pharmacological classifications, effects and
as to their legal criteria.
 General Drug Classification

• According to effects, the dangerous drugs are

classified as:

• Depressants – are group of drugs that has the effect of

depressing the Central Nervous System.
• Stimulants – are group of drugs having the effect of
stimulating the Central nervous system.
• Hallucinogens – refers to the group of drugs that are
considered to be mind altering drugs and give the
general effect of mood distortion.
ACCORDING TO MEDICAL PHARNACOLOGY, dangerous drugs are
classified as:

• Depressants
• Narcotics
• Tranquilizers
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
• Solvents/Inhalants
 LEGAL CATEGORIES

• The dangerous drugs are classified as:

PROHIBITED DRUGS

• Narcotics – refers to the group of the drug opium and it

derivatives, Morphines, Heroin, Codein, etc. Including
synthetic opiates.
• Stimulants – refers to the group of the drug Cocaine,
Alpha and Beta Eucaine, etc.
• Hallucinogens – refers to the group of drugs like
Marijuana, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline,
etc.
REGULATED DRUGS

• Barbiturates- refers to the group of depressant drug

known as “Veronal” like Luminal, Amytal, Nembutal,
Surital, Butisol, Penthontal, Seconal, etc.

• Amphetamines – are group of stimulant drugs like

Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedriine, Preludin, etc.
VOLATILE SUBSTANCES (P.D. 1619)

• Group of liquid, solid or mixed substances having the

property of releasing toxic vapors or fumes which when
sniffed, smelled, inhaled or introduced into the
physiological system of the body produces or induces a
condition of intoxication, excitement or dulling of the
brain or nervous system. Examples re glue, kerosene,
ether, paint, thinner, lacquer, etc.
 Volatile chemical substances that contain psycho-
active (mind/mood altering) vapors to produce a
state of intoxication.
Ex: Glue and Adhesive Cement / Rugby / Super
Glue / Thinner

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