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TIDES AND
OBJECTIVES
Discuss the operation in a run-of-the-river technology
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
RELATIVE COMPANY
MERITS
DEFINITION: RUN OF THE
RIVER
ﻼIt is a system that channels flowing water from a river through a penstock to spin a
turbine. Typically, a run-of-river project will have little or no storage facility. It provides a
continuous supply of electricity, with some flexibility of operation for daily fluctuations
in demand through water flow that is regulated by the facility.
ﻼRun-of-river systems were arguably the first hydropower plants, which used the kinetic
energy of water flowing in the rivers to generate mechanical energy.
CLASSIFICATION CAPACITY
Micro < 100 kW
Mini 100 kW – 1 MW
Small 1 – 15 MW
DEFINITION: RUN OF THE
RIVER
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO QUANTITY OF WATER AVAILABLE
ROR with Pondage Pondage is a small reservoir to store small
amounts of water for same day use. It may work
satisfactorily as base load and peak load plants
ROR without Pondage It does not store water and uses the water as it
comes. There is no control on the water flow. It
will work as a base load during good conditions
and, it will work as a peak load when the water
flow reduces.
HE -> ME
CONVEYANCE PENSTOCK
DESANDER LINE
MAIN
GRID
OPERATION: RUN OF THE
RIVER PARTS OF RUN OF THE RIVER SYSTEM
PARTS DEFINITION
Weir dam built across the river to raise the level of water or to change its flow
direction.
Desander set of hydroclones that separate sand and silt from the water.
Conveyance line pipeline going to the penstock.
Penstock pipe that controls the water flow and deliver the water to the power
plant.
Power Plant consist of turbines that converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy.
Generator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Sub-station transmits the energy to the main grid.
Main Grid distributes the electricity on the area.
Tail race passage way of water from the system back to the river.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE
RIVER
TWO IMPLICATIONS
1.When the river’s water levels are depleted because of drought or water extraction,
the ‘fuel’ for the run of river system is reduced or becomes entirely unavailable.
Without a dam for storing water, there is no stored power. This means the capacity
factor of run of river projects varies between 40% and 80%.
2.The lack of a major reservoir reduces the environmental footprint of run of river
plants. In large hydro projects, the creation of a reservoir inundates once dry land,
affecting local communities as well as plant and animal life.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE
RIVER
SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
ﻼSystems can involve the far upstream diversion of the river, diversion at an
existing weir or dam, or simply in-stream current flow technology, and
can involve penstock pipes, open channels, barrages and other diversion
methods.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE
RIVER
1. PENSTOCK BASED SYSTEMS/STREAMING
SYSTEMS
ﻼKaplan and Francis turbines are commonly used with kinetic systems, while
Pelton wheel types are usually found in systems relying on a substantial head of
water, such as the streaming.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE
RIVER
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TURBINES
1. VERTICAL CROSSFLOW TURBINE (VCT) 2. HYDROFOIL KINETIC ENERGY TURBINE
ﻼ This unit is essentially a micro-turbine, but could be applied ﻼ Also called free-flow turbines.
easily to many of the smaller dams and water structures.
ﻼ It generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in
flowing water rather than the potential energy from the
ﻼ The main feature of VCT is that water passes through the
head. The systems may operate in rivers or man-made
turbine blades twice. The first time on entry and the second channels.
time on exit after travelling through the center of the wheel.
VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINE
ﻼ Dual vertical crossflow systems,
consisting of two crossflow turbines
mounted vertically in a frame which
spans the width of the feed canal
have been used in some smaller
installations.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE
RIVER
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TURBINES 4. ARCHEMEDIAN SCREW TURBINE
3. HORIZONTAL AXIS BULB TURBINE ﻼ These systems work on the principle of the Archimedean
screw pump in reverse. Sizes from 1 kW to 150 kW
capacity are in service.
ﻼThis is a more modern development using a
Kaplan turbine for energy capture, the generator ﻼ The systems are fish friendly
and control circuits are contained in a bulb and and are not susceptible to blocking by small debris.
the whole device installed in a cone or cylinder
ﻼ This is a true
to control water flow. run-of-river
device as the
infeed takes
place at the
water surface,
and the
speed of
rotation is
dependent on the
speed of the
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
ﻼThe best sites for run of river projects are where there is strong year-round water
flow and a large gravitational drop, or hydrostatic head.The power output of every
run of river station is unique.
elevation gravitational KE
force
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
TWO METHODS TO CALCULATE THE POWER GENERATED
BY ROR SYSTEMS
1. Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
POTENTIAL ENERGY METHOD
(1) PE = ρgh where ρ = the density of the water (kg/m3)
g = the gravitational constant (9,81 m/s2)
h = the head of water (m)
NOTE: This simple looking formula usually applies to static hydro, using stored water. If applied to
dynamic or kinetic systems, some attention needs to be given to the calculation of the values and how they
influence the power output.
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
KINETIC ENERGY METHOD
ﻼThe turbine converts the kinetic energy of the flowing water into the rotational
(mechanical) energy of the turbine and the generator. The available energy
therefore depends on the quantity of water flowing through the turbine and the
square of its velocity.
ﻼImpulse turbines which are only partially submerged are more commonly
employed in fast flowing run-of-river installations while In deeper, slower flowing
rivers, submerged Kaplan turbines may be used to extract the energy from the
water flow.
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
KINETIC ENERGY METHOD
Pmax ∝ KE, so accounting the efficiency η of the turbine, the maximum output power
Pmax is given by
NOTE: This relationship is directly analogous to the equation for the theoretical power generated by wind
turbines and the power output is proportional to the cube of the velocity of the water.
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
INFLUENCE OF THE PARAMATERS FOR DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
ﻼIn the penstock or streaming system, the head will be the height difference ﻼWith the penstock or streaming
between the intake to the penstock and the turbine, and makes a major
contribution to power output. system water mass flow rate is
limited by the diameter and length
ﻼThe velocity of the water exiting the penstock is affected only by the head of the penstock.
or pressure drop. In the diversion system the head will be the height
difference over the drop, and plays a smaller role then the water flow rate.
ﻼWith all other systems the flow rate
is determined by the flow rate of the
ﻼWith an existing dam or a barrage scheme the head is generally a small water in the river, with an upper
contributor to the output power which will be dominated by the flow rate
limit set by the characteristics of the
of water. For inline systems, there is no head and this equation does not
apply, and the power output is entirely dependent on water flow rate. turbine.
ECONOMICS: RUN OF THE
RIVER
ﻼRun of the river power is marginally more expensive than power from
hydroelectric dams, but in remote areas it can be cheaper.
ﻼThe vast majority of the costs of a run-of-river plant come at the outset during the
building phase. On average 35% of the total eventual price tag is from building
the facility, and another third goes to building the transmission and distribution
wires to hook the often remote plants up to the grid.
ECONOMICS: RUN OF THE
RIVER
FACTORS TO CONSIDER DEFINITION
Cost of the Turbine Usually ranges from 20 to 50% of the total cost of the project. It
have a life spans of at least 25 years and can be refurbished.
Maintenance Cost It requires minimal maintenance cost once the plant is built
since the water ‘fuel’ is free. The intermittent nature of run of
river does hurt the economic case as it means backup power
sometimes needs to be kept available. This can be avoided by
ensuring rivers always have a minimum flow that matches
power needs, especially for off-grid remote communities.
Cost of the Run of the River Plant Compared to large hydropower plants considering their dams
and reservoirs, the cost of run of river plants is small thus they
generate so much less power which make run of the river winds
up being more expensive.
Impact of Climate Change Climate change may lead to longer and more severe
droughts. Increasingly drastic droughts may render minimum
flow calculations irrelevant as rivers continue to dry up and run
of river plants are only able to operate at a fraction their
capacity. If for no other reason, economic logic dictates climate
change must be factored into any run of river project proposals.
RELATIVE MERITS: RUN OF THE
RIVER
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Cleaner Power, Fewer Greenhouse Gases Unfirm power
ﻼLike all hydro-electric power, run-of-the-river hydro ﻼRun of the River power is considered an “unfirm” source of
harnesses the natural potential energy of water, power because a run-of-the-river project has little or no
eliminating the need to burn coal or natural gas to capacity for energy storage and hence can't co-ordinate the
output of electricity generation to match consumer demand.
generate the electricity needed by consumers and
It thus generates much more power during times when
industry. seasonal river flows are high (i.e. spring freshet), and
depending on location, much less during drier summer
months or frozen winter months.
ﻼRun of river plants cause much less ecosystem disruption than hydroelectric
dams.
ﻼ Studies tend to show that run of river generators do hurt fish populations
in
the rivers where they're situated.
ﻼROR plants have a major negative impact on river ecosystems. Access roads
and transmission lines cause habitat fragmentation and destruction, and
increase sedimentation in the river.
COMPANY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
COMPANY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
ﻼHEDCOR is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of AboitizPower. It
specializes in generating renewable
energy from run-of-river hydropower
systems.
It is the first plant owned by HEDCOR. The It has been rebuilt three times in its 20-year history. It was Sabangan Hydro is the first hydropower facility in
damaged three times by landslides brought about by Mountain Province, which started construction in
plant generates a total capacity of 5 MW,
typhoons Iliang in 1997, Nina in 2008, and Feria in 2000, 2013 and completed in 2015. The plant delivers
supplying energy to Aboitiz Power's RES and due to the treacherous terrain on which the plant is
companies Advent Energy, Inc. and Advent located. This did not deter HEDCOR from rebuilding and
15,000 kWh annually and at the same time, offsets
Energy Solutions, Inc. For 25 years, the plant responsibly delivering 12 million kWh of renewable energy to about 29,000 tons of carbon dioxide.
supplied renewable energy to the National NPC for 25 years. Currently, it delivers renewable energy to
Power Corporation (NPC). Aboitiz Power's RES companies Advent Energy, Inc. and
H
Advent Energy Solutions, Inc.
COMPANY: RUN OF THE
RIVER
Name: Maris Hydro
Capacity: 8.5 MW
Location: Ramon, Isabela
Comissioning: November 2011
Description: It is the first power plant
constructed by SNAP since it acquired
Magat hydro in 2007 through privatization.
Construction of the PHP2.15 billion run-of-
river hydro plant took about two years.
It broke ground in late 2015 and was
ﻼSN Aboitiz Power (SNAP), completed in November 2017. Maris hydro
developer and operator of 100% utilizes the water coming from Magat
hydro that goes into the Maris re-regulating
renewable energy facilities, is a dam located downstream of Magat, before
joint venture of SN Power of flowing into the Maris Main (South)
Irrigation Canal.
Norway and AboitizPower.
TIDES AND WAVES
DEFINITION OPERATION
GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
RELATIVE COMPANY
MERITS
DEFINITION: TIDES AND
WAVES
ﻼ Tidal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy used by humans.
ﻼ Ocean waves are very powerful forces. Average power flow
intensity of 2–3 kW/m2 is available at a vertical plane
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation just below the
water surface.
ﻼ This is a bottom-mounted or floating ﻼIt is a long floating structure that is oriented
structure that absorbs energy in all parallel to the direction of the waves.
ﻼ This method uses waves to compress air in a Sometimes, this is called a Linear Absorber.
directions. The power take-off system may closed chamber to generate wind which flows
take a number of forms, depending on the through a turbine. Wind is created both when
configuration of displacers/reactors. The ﻼThe structure is composed of multiple sections
the wave proceeds and recedes from the that rotate in pitch and yaw relative to each
Pressure differences on the top of the float chamber. A special turbine is designed to spin other. That motion is used to pressurize a
(created by surface wave action) set the in one direction regardless of the wind hydraulic piston arrangement and turn a
upper floater into motion. direction. This significantly increases the hydraulic turbine/generator to produce
efficiency of the power generation process. electricity. The figure illustrates a freely floating
hinged-contour attenuator device.
DEFINITION: TIDES AND
WAVES
BEST KNOWN DEVICES TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY FROM WAVES
TIDAL TURBINE OVERSTOPPING TERMINATOR PIVOTING FLAP
ﻼTides are created by the gravitational pull of the sun, moon and the rotation of the
earth and tidal power generators work by harnessing their natural ebb and flow.
ﻼUses a sluice gate to fill a basin when the tide is at its ﻼ Use anchors turbines in the seabed and exploits underwater tidal
high mark. When the tide begins to ebb, currents.
a difference is created
ﻼ This method salvages a
between the water
whole class of sites that were
levels inside and out previously off-limits for electricity
-side the basin. generation:
ﻼTo draw energy from the
ﻼ As water is ocean, turbines often need
released from the to be rooted on sea floors
sluice, the flow is relatively close to shore
ﻼmounted on rocks on the
used to spin turbines shore places that have not
and generate traditionally been used
electricity. for energy generation.
OPERATION: TIDES AND
WAVES
TWO TECHNOLOGIES FOR TIDAL POWER GENERATION
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
ﻼAs the tide ebbs, a gradually increasing head differential is created between receding water
levels and the fixed level within the barrier. When the head differential has reached the desired
value, the potential energy created can be converted into mechanical energy and then electrical
energy by allowing the water to flow out through turbines.
OPERATION: TIDES AND
WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
Tidal Barrage
ﻼA proper site for this type of technology should have sufficient
tidal range and the best locations are in natural bays. It is also
important to locate the facility in such a way that it will not
dramatically reduce the tidal range.
ﻼOne major drawback of tidal barrages is that the tide only TRIVIA: The Rance Tidal Power Station is
goes out for so much time per day, and power is generated the world's first tidal power station. The
facility is located on the estuary of the
for as little as four hours a day, giving barrages Rance River, in Brittany, France and was
low levels of efficiency in the 20-30% range. opened on the 26th November 1966. it is
currently operated by EDF, and is the
second largest tidal power station in the
world, in terms of installed capacity.
OPERATION: TIDES AND
WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
Tidal Lagoon
ﻼThis feature of tides would allow a type of barrage to be built perpendicular to the shore to harvest energy
from the tides as they flow parallel to the shore.
OPERATION: TIDES AND
WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
SAMPLE OUTPUT PROJECTION AND EFFICIENCY
From the table shown above, it shows that the energy harnessed from lagoons
is the most feasible and ethical option. The affect on sea life is minimal, the
technical feasibility exceeds that of streams, and the projected output exceeds
that of barrages.
OPERATION: TIDES AND
WAVES
TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
ﻼThey act much like underwater wind turbines, generating power from the kinetic energy of fast-
flowing tidal currents. The generators are sunk 20-30 meters, and can be situated anywhere that
possesses a strong tidal flow.
ﻼ Because water is about 800 times denser than air tidal stream
turbines, It must be built much sturdier than their terrestrial
counterparts, though they can also spin much more slowly, around 7-11
rotations per minute.
ﻼ In terms of surface area, water moving 20 km/h exerts the same
amount of force at a constant 180 km/h wind. Because of this physical
property, ocean currents contain an enormous amount of energy that
can be captured and converted to a usable form.
ﻼ Tidal turbines function best at flow rates of 7-11 km/hr.8 An irrefutable advantage of tidal turbines over
wind turbines is their predictability: Tides flow in and out every day, promising daily, schedulable energy.
ﻼThe rotors of the turbine may ripped off by the immense tidal
forces.
ﻼCorrosive salt water may also takes a serious toll on the equipment.
ﻼThey also need to be made more efficient and economical as the TRIVIA: The world's first
experimental tidal turbine is called
\
power they produce today remains prohibitively expensive. Seaflow. It is deployed in 2003 off the
shore of Devon UK. It can produce 300
kW.
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
ﻼTidal power technology is only useful if it is employed in favorable conditions.
ﻼFor tidal barrages a tidal range of at least 7 meters is required, while tidal turbines need tidal currents moving at
speeds of 7-11 km/hr.
ﻼIn addition both types must have stable conditions for a barrier or turbine to be
built into. Often, good sites are located in areas where incoming waters are
funneled into narrow channels, bays, river mouths and fjords.
ﻼTypically, tidal streams are found where underwater valleys force currents to
constrict and speed up. These are generally more common and located nearer
economic centers where the power would be useful.
ﻼThe total potential of tidal stream technologies will likely change as the TRIVIA: The greatest tidal range is
found in Canada's Bay of Fundy,
technology matures and more countries begin carefully mapping their where it is over 15 meters.
tidal resources. For example: Atlantis Resources, a British Tidal power
company, estimates 90,000 MW of generating capacity could be built,
for a total of 150 TWh of power a year.
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL PHILIPPINE SITES
BASILAN STRAIT SAN JUANICO STRAIT TALIBON STRAIT
ﻼ The distance between The island of Basilan and ﻼ It is a narrow strait in the Eastern Visayan region in the ﻼIt is located in northern coast of the island of Bohol in the
Zamboanga City is approximately 24 kilometers. The Philippines. It separates the islands of Samar and Leyte, Philippines, 114.8 kilometers via Tagbilaran North Road,
seabed at the basilan strait is not that deep. Mostly only and connects the Carigara Bay (Samar Sea) with the San 149.55 kilometers via Tagbilaran East Road, 108.83
about 100 to 150 feet deep. Pedro Bay (Leyte Gulf). It is about 38 kilometres (24 mi) kilometers via Loay Interior Road.
long, and at its narrowest point, the strait is only 2
ﻼ These Tidal or Sea Current generators can be installed at kilometers (1.2 mi) wide. It is crossed by the San Juanico ﻼSometimes called Cebu Strait, is a strait in the Philippines
the sea bed of the Basilan strait. With floating Bridge. that separates the island provinces of Cebu and Bohol. The
(anchored) platforms to mark the location of the Cebu Strait connects the western part of Bohol Sea with
generators. These renewable source of energy installed in Camotes Sea, and is a major sea-lane connecting Cebu City
the Basilan strait can supply energy for the entire island on its northern end with port cities in the south such as
of Mindanao. Whenever additional energy is needed new Dumaguete City and Cagayan de Oro City.
platforms can be installed.
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL PHILIPPINE SITES
GABOC CHANNEL SAN BERNARDINO STRAIT BASIAO CHANNEL
ﻼ It is a marine channel and is located in ﻼ It is a strait in the Philippines, connecting the ﻼIt is a marine channel and is located in Province
Province of Surigao del Norte, Caraga, Samar Sea with the Philippine Sea. It separates of Bohol, Central Visayas, Philippines. The
Philippines. The estimate terrain elevation the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon island from the estimate terrain elevation above seal level is 1
above seal level is -9999 metres. Variant forms island of Samar in the south. metres. Variant forms of spelling for Basiao
of spelling for Gaboc Channel or in other Channel or in other languages: Basiao Channel
languages: Gabo Channel, Gaboc Channel, (en), Basiao Channel.
Gabo Channel, Gaboc Channel.
ﻼLatitude: 10°3'50"
ﻼ Latitude: 9°52'36.01" Longitude: 124°31'23.03"
Longitude: 125°38'53.03"
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Range Power)
ﻼ The energy of the tide wave contains two components, namely potential and kinetic.
ﻼ The seawater can be trapped at high tide in an estuarine basin behind a dam or barrier to
produce tidal range power. Now, the water density, ρ is allowed to run out through turbines at low
tide. If the basin has surface area, A that remains covered in water at low tide, then the trapped
water, having a mass, ρgAH at a centre of gravity H/2 above the low tide level, is all assumed to run
out at low tide (H is height of tide).
ﻼThe potential maximum energy available per tide if all the water falls through H/2 is therefore
(neglecting small changes in density from the seawater) given by:
ﻼ Energy per tide, E = ½ρgAH2 where ρ = the density of the water (kg/m3)
A = surface area of the basin (m2)
ρg= 10.15 kN/m3 for seawater
H = height of tide (m)
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Range Power)
ﻼOne can obtain for a tide cycle per square meter of ocean surface, E in W-h = 1.4H2
ﻼThe tidal power due to potential energy is directly proportional to the area of basin and the tide
amplitude. However, in the actual turbine, the energy from the turbine can be obtained till the water
𝑊 −ℎ
head reaches a value h. Hence, the power available is given by ; E in = 1.4(H-h)2 .
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒−m 2
ﻼTherefore, the total tide energy equals to the sum of its potential and kinetic energy component.
NOTE: Knowledge of the potential energy of the tide is important for designing conventional tidal power plants using water dams
for creating artificial upstream water heads. Such power plants exploit the potential energy of vertical rise and fall of the water.
In contrast, the kinetic energy of the tide has to be known in order to design floating or other types of tidal power plants which harness
energy from tidal currents or horizontal water flows induced by tides. They do not involve installation of water dams.
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Range Power)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For a tidal range at a particular place of 10 m, and the surface tidal energy harnessing plant of 9 km2 , if
the specific gravity of water is 1025.18 kg/m3, determine the total energy potential per day of the plant.
Req’d: ET
Kg
Sol’n: E = ½ρgAH2 = ½ (1025.18 ) (9.81 m ) 2(9 km2 ) (1000 m )Km
2 (10 m)2 = 4.5257 x 1012 J
m3 s
ﻼThe energy available at a site is proportional to the cube of the current velocity at the site and to the
cross-sectional area. In general, the power that can be generated by a turbine is roughly
proportional to its area and that achieving high-power outputs is dependent on having high flow
velocities.
ﻼFor this reason, tidal current systems are best suited to areas where narrow channels or other
features generate high velocity and are governed by the following equation.
ﻼ The power P is given by P= ρAv3 where ρ = the density of the water (kg/m3)
A = cross sectional area (m2)
v = current velocity (m/s)
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND
WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Stream Power)
ﻼHowever, a marine energy converter or turbine can only harness a fraction of this power due to
losses, therefore:
ﻼCp is the percentage of power that can be extracted from the fluid stream and takes into account
losses due to Betz's law and those assigned to the internal mechanisms within the converter or
turbine.
ECONOMICS: TIDES AND
WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
ﻼLarge tidal barrages present three main problems for investors:
1. They have large up-front capital costs
2. Long construction times
3. Produce relatively limited quantities of power.
ﻼ Once over that initial capital building cost TWO DECISIVE ECONOMIC INPUTS
hump, tidal barrages become attractive Size of the Reservoir How long power can be
investments. Basin produced
Studies peg maintenance and operations over the Tidal Range At what efficiency
barrage’s century long lifespan at less than 0.5%
of initial capital costs.
ﻼCosts generally increase for sites that experience violent winds and waves, as dykes must be built
stronger and larger to withstand them.
ECONOMICS: TIDES AND
WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
TIDAL BARRIAGE TIDAL LAGOON
ﻼ Not well developed. ﻼThere is a sample proposal to conclude the economic
of tidal lagoon. There is a series of six tidal lagoons
ﻼThere are only four real examples to draw economic off Britain’s western coast to be completed by 2027.
conclusions from, not enough to have any clear idea Each one is bigger than the last for a combined total
of just how expensive any proposed barrage will end of 15,900 MW of generating capacity. Building these
up being. six facilities will cost some $65 billion. Unfortunately
the costs will be high, at $4 million per MW.
ﻼ An estimate is given by researcher Eleanor Denny. ﻼA levelized cost analysis by Poyry, an engineering
She argued that in order for a tidal barrage facility to consultancy, found the tidal lagoons would be cost
be profitable, its capital cost should be less $800,000 competitive with wind and solar power, and even
per MW of installed capacity. Unfortunately this is an nuclear and gas power which are the cheapest power
unrealistically low cost. sources available.23
Example: La Rance -$3.4 Million per MW
ECONOMICS: TIDES AND
WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
ﻼEssentially, It have only begun making great strides in the past five years. As yet, the price is very
high but it is certain that the price drops will accrue over time. Furthermore, any scale of tidal
stream turbines can be built as opposed to one giant project for barrages, giving developers much
greater flexibility. Farms don’t have to be built in one go, like tidal barrages, but gradually expanded
over time. 5%
10% Grid
Connection
ﻼ An in-depth economic analysis 10%Structure 35%
by the Carbontrust found the bulk of Power Takeoff Total
costs in early tidal stream farms will 20% 20%
be in the installation. Station Keeping O&M
ECONOMICS: TIDES AND
WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
ﻼ The first estimate of the developers from year 2006 learn
that their assessment of future decreases in price was over- TWO MAIN FACTORS FOR
optimistic. Even though, tidal stream technology will one day be TIDAL STREAM
cheap enough to compete with other forms of renewable energy, Depth The shallower
it will take time.2 the project, the
6 easier to
install and
ﻼIf the best sites are developed early this will help bring costs maintain
down through learning, and allow a smoother rise in capacity.
Speed of Tidal How much
Building those early farms bigger is better too. The cost per MW
Current power can be
of power in a 150 MW farm would likely be half that in a 10 MW had
farm.
ﻼFinally as the tidal farm developers move along the learning curve they will discover cheaper and
more efficient ways to build, install and repair every part of the turbine, from carbon-fiber rotor
blades, lightweight fiber mooring systems and linear generators.
ECONOMICS: TIDES AND
WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDES ON TOURISM AND FISHING
PROs CONs
ﻼ An increase in tourism may occur. ﻼNegative environmental effects on marine life can be
detrimental to the fishing industry. Some fishermen
ﻼExample: La Rance - Approx. 40,000 tourists visit have raised concerns over the fact that most
the facility each year. identified sites for tidal power are also key migration
routes for fish.
ﻼSites have a potential to double as information ﻼSedimentation caused by tidal barrages could kill
centers, employing individuals in a range of tourism clams, while also damaging local shellfish fisheries.
positions, in addition to the general operation jobs
created by the power plant itself. Temporary ﻼImpacts are expected to be much more apparent in
construction jobs are opened up as well during the locations where fish are abundant.
installation of the facilities.
ECONOMICS: TIDES AND
WAVES
ECONOMICS OF WAVE ENERGY DEVICES
ﻼCost Analysis: FOUR PRIMARY FACTORS
Production Maintenance
Installation Connection
Near & Off Shore Wave Power Disturbance for Private & Commercial Vessels
ﻼ Wave energy technology can be located near-shore as well as ﻼ Cargo ships, cruise ships, recreational vehicles, and beach
offshore. It reduces shoreline conflicts of use such as recreation goers may be disrupted by the installation of wave energy
and fishing. gathering sources. The government officials and private
companies that want to invest in wave energy sources have to
take into account and consider the needs of those they may be
disturbing.
ﻼTidal barrages reduce the tidal range by about half; ﻼThe lagoon walls being at their closest about 1.5 km
diminishing the intertidal zone and instigating a from the coast would extract twice as much energy
ripple of effects through the coastal ecosystem. from the same size of impounded area.
ﻼThe intertidal area provides a key feeding ground for ﻼAs such, the tidal lagoon plan has won endorsement
birds. When the condition of this area is from a variety of environmental groups.
compromised, birds are likely to starve, or else forage
for food in new ecosystems, potentially offsetting the
natural balance there.
RELATIVE MERITS: TIDES AND
WAVES
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
ﻼThey have less environmental impact and so far, they have been very promising. Some negative
impacts are:
ﻼ The placement of arrays of turbines into farms will necessarily slow and reroute currents over a wide
area, potentially disrupting fish migration patterns or leading to harmful variations in water pressure.
ﻼThe changes in currents can have an impact upon the ebb and flow of the tides on land, changing their
range and impacting inter-tidal ecosystems much like barrages.
ﻼOn the other hand the farm caused a decrease in turbidity, or sediment in the water, allowing
sunlight to penetrate down and trigger phytoplankton blooms which had the effect of boosting
the food chain positively from the bottom upwards.
COMPANY: TIDES AND
WAVES
COMPANY: TIDES AND
WAVES
ﻼOceantera is a project development
company registered in Singapore and the
Philippines. Oceantera is a joint venture
between Singapore-based OceanPixel and
UK-based Aquatera. OceanPixel and
Aquatera are key services providers to
Oceantera and its partners.
ﻼChloecox. (2020, April 8). Big Plans for Ocean Power Hinge on Funding and Additional R&D. Retrieved from
https://www.power-
eng.com/2001/11/01/big-plans-for-ocean-power-hinge-on-funding-and-additional-rd/#gref
ﻼHusseini, T. (2020, January 28). Tidal energy advantages and disadvantages: key points to consider. Retrieved from https://www.power-
technology.com/features/tidal-energy-advantages-and-disadvantages/
ﻼNational Geographic Society. (2012, October 9). tidal energy. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/tidal-
energy/
ﻼPiccirilli Dorsey, Inc. (n.d.). Hydropower and Other Water Energy Technologies. Retrieved from https://www.eesi.org/topics/water-
hydropower-wave-power/description
ﻼPrimer: Power from Ocean Waves and Tides. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.snopud.com/site/content/documents/tidal/tidalprimer.pdf
ﻼRun-of-river hydroelectric power - Aboitiz Power Corporation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://aboitizpower.com/generation/run-of-river-
hydro/
ﻼRun-of-the-River Hydropower Goes With the Flow. (2019, September 9). Retrieved from
https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2012/01/31/run-of-the-river-hydropower-goes-with-the-flow/#gre
ﻼChris-Yel. (2015, July 15). Run-of-river hydropower systems. Retrieved from https://www.ee.co.za/article/run-river-hydropower-
systems.html
ﻼ https://youtu.be/162o0aMHUfs