-a small group of people or things taken from a layer group and used to represent the larger group. Two general categories of sampling methodologies: 1.None probability sampling 2.Probability sampling Types of non-probability sampling a.convenience sampling -involves choosing respondents at the convenience of thr researcher ex.people-in-the-street interviews-the sampling of people to which the researcher has easy access/such as a class of students and studies that use people who have volunteered to be question as a result of an advertisement or another type of promotion. b.quota sampling -an official limit on the number or amount of people or things that are allowed - an example of quota sample would be a survey in which the researcher desires to obtain a certain number of respondents from various income categories. c. judgemental sampling - In this kind of sampling, the researcher uses his/her own 'expert' judgement. -An example of this type of sample would be a study of potential users of a new recreational facility that is limited to those persons who live within the vicinity. Probability sampling
The four basic types of probability samples, are mostly
used in quantitative research.
A. Simple random sampling
B. Stratified sampling C. Cluster sampling D. Systematic sampling Simple random sampling
- To conduct this kind of sampling procedure, the researcher
must have a list of all members of the population of interest. from the list, the sample is drawn so that each person has an equal chance of being drawn. - To avoid researcher bias, computerized sampling programs or random number tables may be used. Reducing bias enables the researcher to estimate sampling errors derived through statistical calculations. Stratified random sampling
- This involves categorizing the members of the population
into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive groups. An example would be determining the average income earned by vendors in a city. To obtain more precise estimates, the researcher may satisfy the samples by barangays. Cluster sampling
- The groups are defined in order to maintain the
heterogeneity of the population, clusters are representative samples of the population as a whole. After the clusters are established, a simple random sample of the clusters is drawn and the members of the chosen clusters are sampled. A cluster sample might be used by a researcher attempting to measure the age distribution of persons resing in a given locality. Systematic sampling
- The researcher selects every nth member after randomly
selecting the first, through nth element as starting point. For example, if the researcher decides to sample every 20th member of the population, a 5 % sample, the starting point for the sample is randomly selected from the first 20 members of the smpling frame. This kind of sampling may spread the members selected for measurement more evenly across the entire population, For example, a survey of tourists entering a top tourist destination in a country could be conducted by sampling ever 10th visitor. Other specific kinds of Samples 1. Criterion sampling- selection is based on specific characteristics. For example, students who have dyslexia or those who are left- handed. 2. Homogenous sampling- selection of participants who have similar experiences, attitudes or outlook, for example, working students, children of OCW's, commercial models, student leaders, scholars or grantees, Pokemon enthusiast, and other. 3. Maximum variation sampling- the objective of the selection is to attain more indepth views from a big number of participants. In this type of sampling, commn themes or patterns are more palpable. 4. Intensity sampling- the objective of the selection is to sample the same characteristics repetitively. This is particularly useful in the phenomenological research design. 5. Deviant case sampling- A researcher uses deviant case sampling when he/ she seeks cases that differ from the dominant pattern or from the predominant characteristics of other cases. • deviant case sampling differs from purposive sampling in that the goal is to locate a collection of unusual, differenr, or peculiar cases that are not represenative of the whole. • For example, a researcher is inteested in studying high school dropouts, Let us say that prevoius research suggested that a majority of dropouts come from families that have low income, are single parent or unstable, have been geographically mobile, and are racial minorities.