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Chapter 5: Inductive Generalizations

This chapter will cover

• Use of controlled studies in arguments


• Criteria for credibility of controlled studies
• Use and misuse of expert testimony
• Use of analogies in inductive generalizations

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Research Design
Steps Include:
1. A question: the characteristic of interest

2. A hypothesis: speculation about what will be discovered

3. A sample: the target population: control/experimental


group

4. Data: observations made by the researcher.

5. Conclusions: interpretations

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Research Design

Question and Hypothesis

Question:
What is the effect of the drug Z on migraines?

Hypothesis:
Drug Z will lessen migraines caused by restricted vessels.

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Research Design

Sample
Random and Representative
Control Group:
subjects receiving no treatment or who
receive a placebo (sugar pill)
Experimental Group: subjects exposed to a
variable.

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Research Design

Conclusions

Give results and meaning of the data collected

Relationship between drug Z and migraines


interpreted

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Evaluating Research Findings

Criteria to look for

1. Sample size
2. Reliability
3. Alternative explanations
4. Statistically significant
5. Duplicate the results
6. Claim more than designed
7. Respected institution
8. Researcher bias

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Controversy in Research Findings

Influential results

1. New Analysis Reasserts Video Games’ Link to Violence

2. Study Says Cell Phones Cause Brain Tumors – Are You


Safe?

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Asch’s Experiment
• To what extent does group pressure
influence people’s opinions and beliefs?

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Skill
Read and consider original studies before
making decisions based on controversial
research findings.

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Making, Evaluating, Repairing,
and Refuting Arguments

Deductive argument
Check for correct form

Refuting a deductive argument:


• Point out invalid reasoning
• Point out untrue premises

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Making, Evaluating, Repairing,
and Refuting Arguments

Inductive argument
Check to see if it is Cogent

• Check for strong evidence


• Look at statistical and causal
generalizations
• Look for current credible sources

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Two-Step Flow of Information

Information sources
1

Opinion Leaders
Experts
2

The Public

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Expert Testimony

Problems
Wrong field
Not recognized as experts
Payment
Bias
Limitations
Contradictions

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Reasoning by Analogy

Drawing a comparison

• Evidence shows that this policy works well


in one or more cases; therefore, I infer that
it will work well in other similar situations.

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Chapter 5: Inductive Generalizations

Checkup

• Steps in a well designed research study


• What is an opinion leader
• Control groups and experimental groups
• Generalizations from analogies

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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