Stage of cervical Stage of fetal expulsion Stage of placental separation & effacement and dilatation Fetal descent and delivery expulsion characteristic: Happens after full cervical - Delivery of placenta & “Bloody show” dilatation and ends with membranes directly after expulsion of fetus birth. Upon uterine contractions pregnant women will feel - Placental separation is due pain Ancillary forces in Labor: to a disproportion between uterine cavity & placental Ruptured bag of water Maternal Intraabdominal size. Formation of distinct lower & pressure- most important force in fetal expulsion after After fetal delivery. The upper uterine segments. full cervical dilatation fundus is normally lies below the level of umbilicus. 2 Fundamental cervical Pushing Separation of amniochorion: changes during 1st stage of Contraction of abdominal muscles simultaneous with Occurs until separation of labor respiratory efforts w/ closed placenta is complete Cervical effacement: glottis. Peeled off by : Obliteration or taking up of Nature of force is similar with Further uterine contractions cervix defacation but with much Traction from separating higher intensity. placenta. Accomplishes little in 1st stage labor and is useful nd Cervical dilatation: Fetal descent follows a Placental extrusion: Stage ends with cervix fully hyperbolic curve when Separated after uterine dilated:10 cm plotted. contraction Due to centrifugal pull Onset occurs in maximum during uterine contraction slope. Occupies lower uterine -In nulliparas increase rate segment or upper vagina As uterine contraction cause pressure to membranes, of descent are observed Expelled by increase hydrostatic action of ordinarily during cervical intraabdominal pressure amniotic sac dilates cervical dilatation phase of Completion of 3rd stage canal maximum slope. of labor is accompanied by compressing and elevating fundus with minimal traction on umbilical cord. -Duncan mechanism -schultze mechanism From undilated, uneffaced cervix it becomes partly dilated, partly effaced until fully dilated, fully effaced.
Process of cervical dilation and
effacement causes the formation of the forebag of amniotic fluid.
Characteristics of uterine contractions: Painful b/c: (1-4)
Formation of the lower & upper
uterine segment Actively contracting part: (UPPER segment) - firm & hard on palpation - It contracts & retracts to expel the fetus - does not relax to its original length; becomes thicker. Inactive: lower segment -Softer, distended, & more passive Results of the thickening and thinning of uterine segments: Physiologic retraction ring: Marked ridge or boundary formed as a result of the lower segment thinning & concomitant upper segment thickening. Pathologic retraction ring: BANDL ring When the thinning of lower segment is extreme Occurs in obstructed labor. Elongation in uterus: fetal axis pressure 2 Phases of stage 1 stage of Labor Latent phase Active phase
3 divisions of stage 1 labor: Preparatory division Phase of maximum slope Pelvic division