If current is 0 then VD is VDD which is horizontal axis intercept, if VD is

zero then ID is VDD /R which is vertical intercept.

Piecewise linear(PWL) Diode Model(approximate
model
Ideal diode
Important terms in the data sheet of diodes
1.Maximum Forward current:-highest instantaneous forward
current that a pn junction can conduct without damage to the
junction
2.PIV:-maximum reverse voltage that can be applied to the
junction without damage to the junction. If the reverse voltage
across the junction exceeds its PIV. (note:-in rectifier circuits
care should be taken that reverse voltage across the diode
during –ve half cycle of ac doesnot exceeds the PIV of diode .
3.Maximum power rating:- it is the maximum power that can be
dissipated at the junction without damaging it.
Diode Application:- Rectifier
Circuits

 A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating

current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct

current (DC)(unidirectional pulsating DC), which is in only

one direction, a process known as rectification.

Types of Rectifiers

• Half wave Rectifier

Full wave Rectifier

Bridge Rectifier
Half wave rectifier

 In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative

half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is

blocked.

 Because only one half of the input waveform reaches

the output, it is very inefficient if used for power

transfer.
Diode in series with ac power source: (a) circuit and (b) voltage transfer
characteristics
Half-wave rectifier circuit: (a) Sinusoidal input voltage, (b) output voltage, and (c) diode
voltage
full wave rectifier

 A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform

to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output.

 Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input

waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient.

Full-Wave Rectification – circuit with center-
tapped transformer
 Positive cycle, D2 off, D1 conducts;
Vo – Vs + V = 0
Vo = Vs - V

 Negative cycle, D1 off, D2 conducts;

Vo – Vs + V = 0
Vo = Vs - V

 Since a rectified output voltage occurs during both

positive and negative cycles of the input signal, this
circuit is called a full-wave rectifier.
 Also notice that the polarity of the output voltage for
both cycles is the same
 Full-wave rectifier: (a) circuit with center-tapped transformer, (b) voltage transfer
characteristics, and (c) input and output waveforms

If Vs=Vmsinθ
PIV = 2Vm
Full-Wave Rectification –Bridge Rectifier
A full-wave bridge rectifier: (a) circuit showing the current direction for a positive input
cycle, (b) current direction for a negative input cycle, and (c) input and output voltage
waveforms

 Positive cycle, D1 and D2 conducts, D3 and D4

off;
+ V + Vo + V – Vs = 0
Vo = Vs - 2V

 Negative cycle, D3 and D4 conducts, D1 and D2 off

+ V + Vo + V – Vs = 0
Vo = Vs - 2V

If Vs=Vmsinθ
PIV = Vm
Efficiency of full wave rectifier(centre tapped)

Note:- the maximum efficiency when RL >> rf =0.812 or 81.2%

Problem:- A full wave rectifier uses two diodes, the internal resistance of each diode may
be assumed constant at 20 ohm. The transformer r.m.s secondary voltage from centre tap
to each end of secondary is 50V and load resistance is 980 ohm. Find
(i) The mean load current(average or dc current)
(ii) The r.m.s value of load current
Problem:- in the centre-tapped circuit shown the diode assumed to be ideal i.e. having
internal resistance as zero. i) find d.c voltage ii)peak inverse voltage iii) rectification
efficiency  
R.M.S primary voltage
=230
RMS secondary voltage
=230 x (1/5) =46

Maximum voltage across

secondary
=46 x
Maximum voltage across half
secondary winding is
Vm =65/2 =32.5
Problem:- in the centre-tapped circuit shown the diode assumed to be ideal i.e. having
internal resistance as zero. i) find d.c voltage ii)peak inverse voltage iii) rectification
efficiency

(i) Average current, Idc =Vdc /RL

=2Vm /πRL
=2x32.5/ πx100=0.207
DC output voltage Vdc= Idc X RL
=0.207 x 100=20.7V
( ii) PIV =2Vm =2x 32.5
(iii) Rectification efficiency = 0.812/(1+rf/RL) =0.812 (rf =0)
In the Bridge type circuit shown, the diodes are assumed to be ideal. Find i)
d.c output voltage ii) peak inverse voltage ii) output frequency

(ii) PIV= Vm =81.3v

(iii) Output frequency= 2x fin

 Ripple factor
 The output of a rectifier consists of a dc component and ac component(known as
ripple :-undesirable).
 The effectiveness of a rectifier depends upon the magnitude of ac component in
the output, smaller this component, the more effective is the rectifier
𝑟 . 𝑚 . 𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 . 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
Ripple factor =  
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 . 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡

By definition, the effective (i.e r.m.s) value of total load

current is given by

2 2
𝐼  𝑟𝑚𝑠=¿
√𝐼  
𝑑𝑐 +𝐼 𝑎𝑐

2 2
𝐼  𝑎𝑐 =¿ √ 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑑𝑐
 
𝐼 − 𝐼
 𝐼 𝑎𝑐 = 1 2 2
𝐼 𝑑𝑐 𝐼 𝑑𝑐
√𝐼 𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑑𝑐
Ripple factor

  𝐼 𝑎𝑐 1 2 2
𝐼 𝑑𝑐
=
𝐼 𝑑𝑐
√ 𝐼 𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑑𝑐
H.W.R

Irms = Im /2 , Idc = Im /π Ripple factor= 1.21

F.W.R

 I = Im / , Idc = 2Im /π Ripple factor = 0.48

rms
Power Supply Design

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Filter circuit

Shunt Capacitor filter

 
Ripple factor =

25
Series inductor filter

 
Ripple factor =

 
𝜔=2 𝜋 𝑓

26
L-C filter

 
Ripple factor =

27
Pi – Filter
 Resistance calculation of (PN Junction diode)

IF(mA)
Forward bias
Breakdown voltage

ΔV
If
Vr ΔI
VR(V) VF(V)
Vf
Ir Cutin voltage

Reverse Bias
IR(uA)

29
Resistance calculation

Forward Resistance
1. Dynamic resistance (rf)= ΔV/ ΔI ..ohms.

Where ΔV, ΔI are incremental voltage and current values on

Forward characteristics.

2. Static resistance (Rf)= Vf /If …ohms.

Where Vf, If are voltage and current values on Forward

characteristics.

30
 (Contd..)

Reverse Resistance:

Static resistance = Vr /Ir …ohms

Where Vr, Ir are voltage and current values on Reverse characteristics.

31