Strength of Materials

Syllabus
• CH-1. Introduction – Concept of stresses
• CH-2. Stress and Strain
• CH-2. Shear stress and Bending moment Diagram
• CH-3. Bending of beams
• CH-4. Shear Stress in beams
 References
• [1] JOHN CASE, Strength of Materials and Structures, 4th edition .

• [2] Ferdinand P. Beer, ,“MECHANICS OF MATERIALS”, 6th edition

• [3] R. C. Hibbeler “ Mechanics Of Materials”

Mode of assessment
Mid term exam 30%
Quiz 15%
Report 15%
Final exam 40%
• Strength of materials
• The Purpose of studying strength of material is to ensure that the
used structure will be safe against the max. internal force that may
be produced by the combination of external loads.

• CH1. Introduction and concept of Stress.

• Type of Stresses
1- Normal stress
2- Shear Stress
3- Bearing Stress
• Normal Stresses (Sigma)
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength.
It is the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly
express in psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.
 
σ=P/A
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2. The
maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to
the load.
  Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members
subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while
compression members (members subject to compressive force) are under
compressive stress.
 

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the
other hand will tend to lengthen the member.
• Example 1
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400
kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2

• Solution
• P=σA
  where:
P =400kN=400000N
σ =120MPa
A =1/4πD^2−1/4π(100^2)
A =1/4π(D^2−10000)
 
Thus,
400000 = 120 [1/4π(D^2−10000)]
400000 = 30πD^2−300000π
D^2= 400000+300000π/30π
D=119.35 mm          answer
• Example 2
• A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig.
Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in
bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
• Solution
By symmetry:
Pbr =Pst=1/2(7848) Pbr=3924 N
Pst=3924 N

For bronze cable:

Pbr=σbrAbr
3924=90Abr
Abr=43.6mm^2   answer
 
For steel cable:
Pst=σstAst
3924=120Ast
Ast=32.7mm^2 answer
• Example 3
A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post
and a concrete footing as shown in Fig. Determine the maximum value of the load P
if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.

• Solution
• For wood:
Pw=σwAw Pw=1800[1/4π(8^2)]
Pw=90477.9lb
From FBD of Wood
P=Pw=90477.9lb
 
• For concrete:
Pc=σcAc
• Pc=650(12^2)
• Pc=93600lb
From FBD of Concrete:
  P=Pc=93600lb

For safe load P,

P=90478lb    answer
• Example 4
• A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and
bronze sections, as shown in Fig. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in 2, determine the stress
in each section.

• Solution
• For steel:
σstAst=Pst σst(0.5)=12
• σst= 24 ksi answer
 
• For aluminum:
σalAal=Pal
• σal(0.5)=12
• σal=24 ksi answer
 
• For bronze:
σbrAbr=Pbr
• σbr(0.5)=9
• σbr=18 ksi   answer
• Shear Force
• Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to
tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the
area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress. 

• τ =V/A
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A
being sheared.
• Example 5
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick?
The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Solution
• The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter and the shear force V is
equal to the punching force P.

• V=τA
• P=350[π(20)(25)]
• P=549778.7N
• P=549.8kN  answer
 
• Example 6
As in Fig. a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum
thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the
plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched
Solution
• (a) Maximum thickness of plate:
Based on puncher strength:
P=σA P=50[1/4π(2.5^2)]
P=78.125π kips → Equivalent shear force of the plate
 
• Based on shear strength of plate:
V=τA   →   V=P
• 78.125π=40[π(2.5t)]
• t=0.781inch   answer

(b) Diameter of smallest hole:

• Based on compression of puncher:
P=σA P=50(1/4πd^2)
• P=12.5πd ^2 → Equivalent shear force for plate
 
• Based on shearing of plate:
V=τA   →   V=P
• 12.5πd^2=40[πd(0.25)]
• d=0.8in  answer

• Example 7
• Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. if P =
400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

• Solution

• The bolt is subject to double shear.

V=τA 400(1000)=300[2(1/4πd^2)]
• d=29.13mm   answer
• Example 8
• Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in
Fig. The pin diameter is 20 mm.
• Solution
• From the FBD:
ΣMC=0 => 0.25RBV=0.25(40sin35∘)+0.2(40cos35∘)
• RBV=49.156kN
ΣFH=0
• RBH=40cos35∘
• RBH=32.766kN
RB=√(RBH^2+RBV^2)
RB=√(32.766^2+49.156^2)
RB=59.076kN   → shear force of pin at B
 
• VB=τBA     → double shear
• 59.076(1000)=τB{2[1/4π(20^2)]}
• τB=94.02 Mpa answer
• Bearing Stress
• Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces

 
• σb=Pb/Ab
• Example 9
• In Fig. assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and
(b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.

• Solution
• Part (a):
From shearing of rivet:
P=τArivets P=60[1/4π(20^2)]
• P=6000πN
• From bearing of plate material:
P=σb/Ab
• 6000π=120/(20t)
• t=7.85mm  answer
 
• Part (b): Largest average tensile stress in the plate:
P=σA
• 6000π=σ[7.85(110−20)]
• σ=26.67MPa answer
• Example 10
• The lap joint shown in Fig. is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited
to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied
load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

• Solution
• Based on shearing of rivets:
P=τA P=14[4(1/4π)(3/4)^2]
• P=24.74kips
•
 
• Based on bearing of plates:
P=σbAb
• P=18[4(3/4)(7/8)]
• P=47.25kips
•
 
• Safe load P,
P=24.74kips
•           answer
• Example 11
• In the clevis shown in Fig. find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.
• Solution
• For shearing of rivets (double shear)
P=τA 14=12[2(1/4πd^2)]
• d=0.8618in   → diameter of bolt           answer
 
• For bearing of yoke:
P=σbAb
• 14=20[2(0.8618t)]
• t=0.4061in → thickness of yoke           answer