PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

Petroleum geology: comprises those geological disciplines which

are of greatest significance for the finding and recovery of oil and
gas. These geological disciplines involve:

1-Sedimentary geology: forms one of the main foundations of

petroleum geology, where the sedimentological models are used
to predict the location of different facies in the sedimentary
basins, and from that the likely presence of source rocks with a
high content of organic matter, reservoir rocks and cap rocks.
Modern Sedimentary Basins
•Gulf of Mexico
•Parts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea
2-Tectonics and structural geology
provide an understanding of the subsidence, folding and uplift
responsible for the creation and dynamic history of a basin.
The timing of the folding and faulting that forms structural traps is very
important in relation to the migration of hydrocarbons.
Organic & inorganic theory about petroleum formation

Inorganic theory :of the origin of the petroleum states that hydrogen and
carbon came together under great temperature and pressure, far below the
earth’s surface and formed oil and gas.  The oil and gas then seeped through
porous rock to deposit in various natural underground traps.
Organic theory: is the one most widely accepted.  According to organic
theory, the oil and gas are formed from remains of prehistoric plants and
animals.  Remains of plants have been transformed to coal and animals' to oil
and gas.  This remains were settled in to seas and lands along with sands and
slits , mud and other minerals.  As the rocks and slit settled, layer upon layer
piled into rivers, along coastlines and on the sea bottom.
Geological shifts resulted  in some of these layers being buried deep in
the earth.
Conclusions
The battle between organic and inorganic theories are still persistent till
now. All the supporters from both sides were struggling to prove their
theory. According to organic theory, petroleum is a finite substance
formed from organisms decaying at several kilometers below the
ground surface. On the other side, Inorganic origin supporters consider
petroleum a self-regenerating substance produced by the Earth itself
with the assistance of chemical interactions occurring deep within the
Earth. In other words, it is assumed that petroleum is not a finite
substance as oil and gas didn't not run out till now. 
 Over the time, the layers of the organic material were compressed
under the weight of the sediment above them.  The increase in
pressure and temperature changed the mud, sand, slit in to rock and
organic matter in petroleum.
The rock containing the organic matter that turned into petroleum is
referred as source rock.   
 The most widely accepted one is the organic theory which defines
the substantial conditions for the formation of petroleum such
as: saturated soil, absence of oxygen and high pressure and
temperature conditions. All these conditions contribute to the decay of
organic matters which then is transformed into kerogen
forming a source rock.
3. Carrier beds (Oil on the move).
Oil is less dense than water and will rise
through the fluid system of the
surrounding rock. Carrier beds are rock
layers that allow fluids to pass through
them. Ex: Sandstone.
If petroleum stays buried, it can
become post-mature
4. Traps:
If nothing stops oil from rising, it will
reach surface. Ex: The La Brea tar pits.
Traps can be rocks that do not allow
fluids to pass through them, or folds
and faults in the rock can trap petroleum.
5. Reservoir rocks
The oil needs to be trapped in a good
place. A good reservoir rock is:
Porous: holes
Permeable: holes are connected
so that its fluids can be produced
(removed from them)
6. Proper timing:
Timing between accumulation of
organic material, petroleum maturation,
migration, and trap formation is vital.